Tang and cultural exchanges with foreign cultural history

 Cultural history of cultural exchanges with Tang Code (b)
Wu Yugui
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authors, original publications, 2002 edition
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Chapter total sea traffic and the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty is a land of foreign exchange outside
the development of peak traffic, but also have made great progress in transportation by sea and land transport to replace the status of the foreign relations of the times. As the impact of the Tang Dynasty overseas, in the Song Dynasty, the southeast Asian countries in dealings with the Song court, Even under the jurisdiction of the Song Dynasty in China as Tang. Chinese clothing for the goods not also known as the Chinese This can be seen, and this effect is developed with the Tang Dynasty is inseparable from external traffic by sea.
Section sea transport development and prosperity
Tangchao Hai Road, the development of foreign relations, first in the sea to open and use transport routes. In the Tang Dynasty, the South China Sea to the West via sea route number and have increased in direct capacity has been strengthened, the formation of transportation development and prosperity of the South China Sea situation, and has shown the status of land transport to replace trend. compared to the previous generation, Tang dynasty in Africa more comprehensive and accurate understanding. At the same time, the Yellow Sea and East China Sea through the Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula and Japan, the traffic has also been great progress in Chinese cultural circle for East Asia The form provides a good traffic conditions.
1. filled with the desire to explore the sea, but not beyond the vast expanse of the waves of the barrier, fascinated the other side of the ocean, providing a permanent human exploration of the sea power. Early in the Qin era, in Hua Xianmin to have mastered the sophisticated technology of offshore sailing Guangzhou shipbuilding factory sites found in Qin Dynasty, shows the level of marine traffic at the time [10]. ship has been able to reach the southeast coast of India and Sri Lanka. Guangzhou Yue Mausoleum Mausoleum of the Nanyue (about buried in 122 BC) of the unearthed silver box, Golden bubble ornaments, ivory and spices such as West or South of the property [12], Guangzhou Heng Zhi mid-2061 Han Gang, China tomb found in Rome, the earliest age of the glass, etc. [13], have proved the existence of maritime trade Qin and Han dynasties.
Andi Yong Ning Han Dynasty (120 years), the King Yong Shan Myanmar Messenger of entry into the assignment, tribute to master magic show in the call. The magician when the Roman Empire was by sea to India, Burma, and then was removed to Luoyang. Hercynian Magic's arrival, communication, the ancient Chinese and European traffic. No. 4013 Guangzhou, early Eastern Han Dynasty tomb unearthed 12 small diamond-shaped hollow face Kim is from South Asia during this period introduced from abroad by sea [15]. Three Kingdoms Wu Sun Quan, the laid off in Xuanhua Zhu Ying and Kang Tai Zhonglang sailing, traveling the South China Sea Asian countries, and rumors, there are a hundred dozens country Arabian Sea, Red Sea ports as well as knowledge of the ancient route.
Eastern and Southern, with the spread of Buddhism and westbound Method development activities, the Chinese monks have to travel abroad for further understanding of maritime traffic, provides more information . the most representative is the monk Fa Xian of seafaring experience to India. Later Qin Yao Xinghong beginning the first year (Eastern Longan three years, 399 years), France was out from the long Anzai, the Desert Road to India to strike a legal possession, after Nine Lives, traveled throughout India, the last wave by Bringing the State (now the eastern state of Bihar in India) across the sea to the sub-national division (now Sri Lanka), and Yoshihiro years (411 years) by the southwest monsoon, the East take the ship back to homeland Business . Unlike in the past, the law was written possidetis remained a complete line of mind, a detailed record of the skills of navigation at that time, the use of technical means, the South China Sea routes each of his voyage and the time required for the distance along the water and weather, etc. In order to understand four or five centuries of sea transport to provide valuable information [17] In 1984, Suixi County in Guangdong Province found a group of Southern Wan side cache of gold and silver. silverware in a twelve-like batch cache in Sassanid also found 20 silver coins, which Shamble III (Shapur Ⅲ, AD 383-388) of 3, once Iraq Si II (Yazdegerd Ⅱ, AD 438-457) of 5, Peel Road, Sri Lanka (Peroz, in AD 459-484) A type 1, Peel Road, Adams B-11. caches were found not far away is the West River into the sea, these objects provide a 5th century Persian Imports, to business in South Evidence of the China Sea [18].
after the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang sent numerous envoys ambassador to a foreign land, the great cause of three years (607 years), Mita principal Chang Jun, Yu Wang Junzheng Department of principal should the court recruit others, sailing mission terracotta country (in this Malay Peninsula), the great cause of six years (610 years), the cross site to return. Changjun his party arrived terracotta borders, the country Cypriot envoy Wang Lifu more to ship 30 to meet the Sui, was returned , Youqian Prince tribute party with that evil thing Buddha, Sui envoys nurture the gift section of terracotta objects thousand king, and terracotta countries also contributed to the Sui Dynasty Gold Hibiscus crown, Dipterocarpaceae, the Hidden from the statute that table, the closure of the gold letter long-Sanyi [20], but in the rare, and, like the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty understanding of marine traffic in a large extent dependent on the Method of Buddhist monks westbound records. we know from these records in the Tang Dynasty, maritime traffic has been greatly developed into a new stage of development. on the early Tang Dynasty understanding of land and sea transport, mainly from the monk Yi Jing's Licheng, Jinan City, Shandong Province today) Villa [21], 7-year-old Buddhist cave temple buried, due to India's desire to learn. Gojong Xianheng first year (670 years), he returned to the native place Chang, farewell to Master, ready to westbound matters. The following year, the Yangzhou south to Guangzhou, get Gong states (Zhiping south, this southern Guangxi Ping ) Shijun Quan Feng Xiao family assistance, take the Persian ships, and began the long journey west pilgrimage. when he was 37 years old.
Yi Jing from the south of Guangzhou, direct room Lee Buddha passed away (south-east of Palembang Sumatra), via Last Luo Yu (Jambi Sumatra Island area), Jie Tu (Malaysia Kedah), complex by the naked men of the country (Andaman Islands) [22], turned to the north of navigation, arrived in the Ganges into the sea at Mount Delays stand at the end the country (West Bengal, India 米德纳普尔 Luke Chatham County near) landing. After years of studying, traveling all over India, the Empress Wu Chuigong in the first year (685 years) left Nalanda Temple Mount from the delay set the end of Dengzhou, go east along the same route. stay in the room half-way benefit the Buddha passed away writing, translation.
then a funny thing happened. According to his account of Yi Jing, Yongchang first year (689 years), meaning Net port to board a merchant ship Buddha passed away, like the Trustee sent word to Guangzhou, via the Vatican needed to strike a copying ink, paper, and copied by the help of employment, but because the wind took the opportunity Shipping and less notice from the Yi Jing landing ship, sail into the sea will rise. Yi Jing back by this, meaning the net carrying commercial ships in the same year, then returned to the Buddha passed away [23]. Tianshou years (691 years), the Trustee will Zhuancheng Yi Jing's return pass inside the law this time he had 61 years of age. righteousness by the law of the net back to the Sanskrit of four hundred, five hundred thousand United Chung, Diamond Block, the real capacity of a shop, relic three hundred. Empress Wu on the east gate to meet in person, http couple, Equipment Design Zhuangfan, and Chen drum, the first guide. who account for a large proportion of their chosen route from the Tang Dynasty to reflect the general outlook of outbound traffic. righteousness net profit in the room during the Buddha Room, the author of and Analysis of external transport was provided valuable information.
, the solution to the experience [25], which route is unknown in 4 batches 4 [26]; by road to India by 12 batches of 18 [27]; by sea to India were 21 batches of 34 [28]. by the Hai Luxi Line the number and ratio of 2.3:1 by land, and the numbers for the ratio of 1.9:1, we can see in the second half of 7th century, the full development of foreign relations in the land, while sea transport is also very prosperous, and has shown to replace land status trends.
2. Jia Dan and Guangzhou through the South China Sea Road
Tang revered far and wide overseas, Northern Sung, the South East from overseas contacts with the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty in China under the control of the regime known as the Tang, China Tang. chongning period (1102-1106), the civil and military officials refer to China as a foreign l Shang Yan Tang, Han, shaped in the instrument, and begging and instead of Song. that as with costume, Chinese law and the like. r Chao from the . I do not wish to steal that, if converted to l Wa r is not the word, history and a glorious within, everyone Chenqie, specific differences Hua Yi Seoul. ; or the development of the southeast marine traffic in overseas Asian countries, the visible.
Tang sea transport development, not only in the way of the large number of sea to the West, but also in the sea route and the direct increase in capacity enhancement. Dezon Hong Luqing toward the former prime minister Jia Dan, presided over foreign affairs, Origin. record
Yi Jia Dan's book and more, the road record is from the into Anton Road, Datong Yun Xia Zhou middle pass beyond the Great Wall, the surrender of the city into the Uighur Road, Anxiruxi Warwick Road, Tianzhu Road, Annan and other 5-pass road is outside the land route connection Tang, Dengzhou to Koryo Bohai Road Tong Hai Yi Road, Guangzhou Tang Zhaohai reflects the most important of traffic information. here in the order according to Jia Dan describes, briefly,
Jia Dan recorded route can be divided into four paragraphs: Guangzhou to the Malacca Strait for the period; the Malacca Strait to Sri Lanka for a period; from the west coast of the Northwest line of the Indian subcontinent, to the Persian Gulf as a head; from the north coast of East Africa dating back to the the Persian Gulf as a head.
line from the Guangzhou East China Sea, 200 miles to Tuen Mun Shan, drum fan of the West, two to Kyushu Stone (seven states Islands), and South II to as Stone (big Island), Southwest Bank accounts do not work three days to the Mountain (Vietnam Champa Island), South Hill on the 2nd to the tomb; Another day line, to the door poison the country (in Vietnam, Qui Nhon), another day of the line, to the ancient Da countries (in the Nha Trang, Vietnam); and half-line, to Ben Tuo wave countries (Vietnam, Phan Lang); and line two days to get the military conflict Mountain (Vietnam Kunlun Island); and 五日 line to the Straits (the Straits of Malacca).
Strait north Luoyue Guo (southern Malay Peninsula), south to the Buddha passed away country (Sumatra); from the water line of the Buddha passed away four Eastern States five days, to blame Ling States (Java Island), west gorge, three days to GE Ge Sengqi States (located in the Berau Islands, Wisconsin), and four 五日 line to win Dengzhou (days of near); and West 五日 line, exposed the country to the woman (barros); and 六日 line, to po States Buddhist Temple Island (Nicobar Islands) and North 四日 lines to sub-national Division (Sri Lanka).
West 四日 by the division line of sub-state, did not come to the country (India Kuilong), and ten by the Northwest Yu Xiaoguo to Brahman Xijing; Northwest on the 2nd line to pull the country (India, near the Napa River Buluo Qi); and the 10th line, the five small countries, to provide countries (India, Karachi, Pakistan, near the mouth of Ti Boer). since the question State westbound on the 20th, after more than a small country, to Tiluo Lu of China (the first Persian Gulf near Iran's Abadan), and West 一日 line, the assassination of the country to Ukraine (the first Persian Gulf, the Ao Bulan), dating back since then by boat Foley assassination river (Euphrates), the second to last Luo (near Basra in Iraq); Northwest land line thousands of miles, can be reached at Tai food capital of the country (Baghdad).
the eyes of the Tang dynasty, meandering line of the West Bank Northwest Indian Peninsula East Coast line to the Persian Gulf as the assassination of the country, as , since the three blue lines on the 20th just north of the country, after more than a small country, to set the country (South Yemen of Xi Heer), and the 10th line, the small country sixty-seven to Say Qu and dried countries (Oman, the Karat) , but also the West line of six-seven days, after six or seven small countries, to no Sunda country (north of Sohar, Oman, Hong Kong), and northwest on the 10th line, after more than a small country, to pull away from the blame suffering country (the Gulf Bank of Bahrain Island) , another day of the line, to the assassination of the country Ukraine, together with the sea the east coast routes.
head from Guangzhou to the Persian Gulf countries will take about 87 days assassination Ukraine, Uzbekistan from the East African coast to the assassination of the country about 48 days. Jia Dan South China Sea route was recorded on a detailed and precise level far beyond the previous generation. There is no doubt that only in the sea traffic is very developed, detailed navigational information obtained under the condition of things Jia Dan would make such a route fine review of the record, therefore, the South China Sea in the Tang Dynasty has made great progress indeed. In addition, should draw attention that the westbound route from Guangzhou, as far as the assassination of the country only recorded to the Ukraine, and the assassination of the country from the Ukraine to the East African coast voyage, the account is from west to east, Ukraine is something the assassination of the country the land of the intersection of two routes, this objective reflects the large food empire at the time an important role in marine traffic.
3. Miscellaneous ZU and understanding. Jia Dan Tong Hai Yi Road, Guangzhou, clearly describes the African east coast route to the Persian Gulf to the northwest. Du in mind southwest, crossing too [big] moraine, the line two miles to their country. The black people, its customs Guang. less wheat, rice, no vegetation, horses eating dried fish, human food falcon Mang. falcon Mang is also the Persian date. quotidian special Very Asian countries. orientation, color, customs, property and other aspects of the situation, Mount neighbor was an ancient country on the African continent is no doubt.
addition Jia Dan, Du ring the book, the Tang Dynasty undoubtedly the most detailed record of the African section into style Third Dynasty (821-840 years), the phase will be 20 years into his mother was the daughter of Emperor Xian Zong Wu Yuanheng towards the prime minister. Duan family Guicang to not only rich, but also in the province of Collator secretary during the extensive reading of the court official collection books, known for city), DA noted country (unknown, or that Sudan), DA dry state (Dakhel Oasis, Sahara desert sand island assassination) Do not leave the country Sri Lanka (Misr, Egypt) and other countries [37], of which the pulling force allocation The most complete record, said:
dial uplift the country, in the Xi Nanhai, do not eat grains, meat only. often needle cattle pulse, blood and milk raw. no clothes, only the waist of a sheepskin cover. The women correct white people, people with foreign merchants from selling swept its price several times. land only ivory and Ahmad Hong, Persian traders into this country want, set thousands of groups, confer on canvas, no young and old, were stabbed blood oath is a city of its property. has always been not a foreign, war row of ivory, wild horns for the lance, Yijia bows and arrows of the device. Infantry million, to discuss the passage of large food-frequency [38].
is generally believed that, sea Bi-Lo and the provision that Pa pulling force on the sound similar, but in the customs, and products of significant differences, etc., should not belong to the same place that records from the segment into the life-style customs and costumes, it should refer to this in Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa with the nomadic Masai tribe (Masai) [39]. no matter what that subject, we can see from the records of this paragraph, no later than 9 half of the century, Tang dynasty has a place on the East coast customs, property and Great eating and have a relatively detailed understanding of the relationship.
into the style section of the record of African countries is not only far beyond the previous generation, but also greatly on the number and content of the Tang Dynasty more than the existing membership of the official set record. Even taking into account the type section can reach into many factors, including the odd article Cheats, previous or early Tang Dynasty, and also not much literature on Africa's ready for his use, records, it is likely to come from him personally to make passenger or merchant Tang's visit. Although encyclopedic knowledge segment into the type known in the world, but he is a scholar with a strong sense of the times, not satisfied with the former Combing through the literature on behalf of the survey interview was That photo, taken true Taoist Kuo, Wang Hermit, Hermit Zhang Ying, Li Shan Ren, the scholar Gu non-bears, monk wide promotion 7 [40]. we can see outside of the singular articles Cheats, and the gathering of different smell is Miscellaneous ZU , so the country called for the Le Qu wax. also a Persian country (in abbreviated). Persia to Wuhai and Sullivan said, and the same depth. Zhenla Salmonella country to demand justice Commandery Tuo Tuo Sani pull words, ants on earth end for nest trees, ants, dew condensation from purple soil was mine. later said: Foreign recorded one of the most important source. call records of pulling force in the country especially where the transactions referred to Persian traders scene, then the pulling force of the recorded call is from a survey of Persian merchants are unknown.
In addition to these various foreign countries, found in the Tang Dynasty set membership of African countries as well Kom Tong Hall, is no Chennai and other countries. Gantang States Zhenguan years (636 years) to pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty, it was contained, Kom Tong Hall in the , most people think should be in the special Nigerians did not pass the Chinese since ancient times, in the Zhenguan years (628 years) in October, the first envoy Tang [43].
4. Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula and Japan in the Tang Dynasty maritime traffic routes
The South China Sea and western transport development, and the Korean Peninsula and Japan have also been the development of sea transport.
comparison, the East China Sea and Yellow Sea in China as the birthplace of early civilization, ancient civilization and the Chinese are more closely linked, times more distant, but also more reposed the hopes and dreams in Huaxian Min. According to ancient legend, in the depths of the Bohai Sea, east of Penglai, the abbot, Yingzhou three mountains, mountain palace, immortal, and elixirs of life non-proper way is unable to. sea paradise legend, not only enriched the treasure house of ancient literature, but also the thinking and behavior of the ancients had a significant impact, Xu City (fu) into the sea in search for immortality, is the most typical example. According to records, Qin Shi Huang Yu Lang Ya, Ji celestial event, find the elixir. Qi Xu City letter, tells the story of the three magic mountains, the First Emperor sent Xu City then, Xu City empty-handed and return, Samuel said it had to paradise, because the gift is too meager to carry hundreds of hands and the line .
of Xu city ever been to Japan, the academic community has long been Jusong endlessly. regardless of how the truth of the matter, the modern archeological findings indicate that early in the pre-Qin era, a variety of items already spread to Japan, to consider to the then relatively low level of marine science and technology, the limitations of life is not strong, early sailing ship when it is by the Bohai Bay, offshore west coast and then south along the Korean peninsula, gradually and to Japan. this route although the routing migrate away, but many islands along the way, replenishment is more convenient, and easy recognizable direction, can provide a more favorable life conditions. to the Tang dynasty, the route is still the main choice of people to Japan.
Tang access routes to the Korean Peninsula and Japan The main Tokaido Road and the Yellow Sea two routes.
Yellow Road is this near the coast of Shandong Peninsula and into the sea, to the Korean Peninsula and Japan on the route. Dengzhou from the northern tip of Shandong Peninsula (rule of Penglai, Shandong Penglai today) north sea, the big Xie Island (South Long Island), Turtle Island (Tuoji Island), Xin Island (Big Chin Island), Orchard Lake Island, across the Bohai Bay to the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula, then north along the Yellow Sea, China Eastern, turn into the West Korea Bay, south along the west coast of the Korean peninsula, over rivers and mountains Bay, mountains Bay, arrived in the southern tip of the peninsula, turn China Eastern Airlines, over Jeju Strait, the Iki Island, to reach a large Jinpu (today the Fukuoka and more). This is A more ancient routes, the Japanese sent the Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty mainly follow this road to come.
route roughly the equivalent of the Yellow Road, Jia Dan recorded This road also from the east to the sea Dengzhou, direct flights on the Korean Peninsula Bank, to paekyong area, and joined the route by the Bohai Bay. Tang dynasty, the Korean peninsula of Korea, respectively, Baekje, Silla by far, the three and Japan's relations with the Tang Dynasty were mainly through Dengzhou .7 half-century, Silla unified the Korean Peninsula, the Dengzhou foreign relations in the Tang Dynasty maintained a significant position. If the ship to Japan by the board sea state is mainly concentrated in the early Tang Dynasty, then in the Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula in the exchanges, Dengzhou is always occupy a very important position.
the East China Sea is the main route from the coast near the mouth of the Huai and Yangtze straight Japan Airlines flights. by way of the ship Tokaido Chuzhou more from the Tang Dynasty (rule Sanyo, this Huaian), Yangzhou (rule Jiangdu, Yangzhou City today), Suzhou (rule Wuxian, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province today), Minnesota (county government, this Ningbo, Zhejiang), etc. coastal port of departure, direct east to reach the vicinity of Amami Oshima, Japan, in favor of Northern spit La Ge islands, the island of Yakushima, Tanegashima Island, continue northbound Hirado Island, then East, arrived in large Jinpu. < br> the opening of the East China Sea route, and the Korean peninsula and Japan the situation change. at 8 World before the Sui and Tang dynasties Hwanghae and the Korean Peninsula is a major traffic routes at sea, when the country is located in Korea and the Korean Peninsula and Baekje Japan maintained friendly relations with Japan as the Tang Dynasty, media contacts, the road through the Yellow Sea between Japan and the Tang Dynasty became the most important sea communication channels. Baekje Silla destroyed, Korea, the deterioration of relations between Japan and Silla, the route through the Yellow Sea by the new Law obstruction [46], Tang Dynasty and the Japanese maritime traffic had to reach for a new course. On the other hand, when most of the southern Japanese islands belong to Japan, with a navigation through the southern islands Tang North Korea's conditions [47], since this route need to bypass the southern Japanese islands, in the 9th century, but also opened up the east by the Yangtze River estuary near direct lift fan, arrived in Japan Hirado Island, or five islands along the archipelago, another route to reach a large Jinpu, greatly reducing the distance between the Tang Dynasty and Japanese traffic.
in the above two routes, the Tang Dynasty, the country borders the Bohai Sea, the Sea of Japan and Japan is also carried out through close exchanges. This route from the eastern coast of Bohai (now Russia Krasnodar Aquino) to the sea, is divided into three routes. North line to the southeast from the hair across the Sea of Japan port Wei, reached the north coast of central Honshu, Japan Noto, Kaga area of land; Chikushi line from Mao Wei port along the south coast of the east coast of the Korean Peninsula, direct Chikushi; Southern States government line south from the Bohai Sea House (about when North Korea near the North Hamgyong Province) No. eastern coast of the spit pump out to sea, along the east coast south through the horse Strait, arrived Chikushi. three routes, the Northern Line is most important, it is set, the Bohai Sea angel of 34 set sail to Japan, there are 32 along the North line and the line is [48].
II and the South China Sea maritime trade and the Tang Dynasty exchanges between Asian countries the development of external transport
sea, greatly contributed to the Tang Dynasty and the South China Sea, Asian countries economic and cultural exchanges carried out. Egypt, a large number of Fox Tate and Japan, Tang pottery around the discovery of the proof Tang Zhaohai the rapid development of trade. In order to adapt to the prosperity of the maritime trade, the Tang Dynasty set up in Guangzhou, South China Sea Asian countries, and the West in the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu overseas exchanges played an important intermediary role. maritime development of foreign trade, the economic development of the Tang Dynasty, played an important role in promoting the rise in the east and southeast coastal areas of the a large number of overseas trade as the basis of the city, and the rise and development of these cities, but also in turn, contributed greatly to the prosperity of maritime trade.
1. maritime technology development and the Tang Dynasty ceramics export
sea well-developed transport and trade and prosperity, is the development of shipbuilding technology and navigation skills to improve inseparable. the traditional literature on the merchant records less records by warships, you can understand the shipbuilding technology was to provide a reliable reference.
the Tang Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty shipbuilding technology is developed on the basis of. Suikai Huang eight years (588 years), the emperor sent his army conquered the south of the Chen Dynasty, the life salicin Wing to build the ships in the Yangtze River, there were five teeth, Huanglong, flat ride, Zemeng so different specifications, different uses of the warships, five teeth ship eight hundred soldiers who added to the flag. , . Xuan Tan, board, yellow bamboo, and other boats; soldiers were there in high-risk level by, Dragon, Beirut Chong, wooden cargo boat, eight Zhao, boats and other warships Ge [50], Sui shipbuilding technology is clearly already has a very superb level.
further development of shipbuilding technology in Tang Dynasty, Tang warships are building ships, Meng Chong, warships, taking Ge, yachts, one of the name , the former big after the small, such as the falcon of the state, under the left side of the floating home plate, shaped like a falcon wings. The ship, although wind and waves up days and without tilting. correspondingly improved. Tang Li Gao also designed by the wheel-driven vehicles and vessels, true monk went to Japan the second time, before the sea from Yangzhou, 80 consistent with the money from the Department of Lingnan interviewed buy scales to Liuju 17 monks, all kinds of craftsmen, 85 [53], we can see in the Tang ships already have a certain ...