Chinese Special Forces - Sniper [Training Course] please read patiently this long

 A good sniper requires three conditions, excellent sniper shooting skills in all technology is only the last is the most basic point, discipline and care is the most important element, snipers do not fire a gun kills people indiscriminately, they will not unnecessarily killing non-armed threats, such as women, children, livestock, construction and housing, snipers sometimes a person may also be 2,3, and this depends on the nature of the task, but only for shooting blind fire will only increase the target was found, captured and killed the opportunity, discipline and patience is very important, especially to face the shot and when not shooting. Before becoming a sniper must first ask yourself: Do you it is very cold or heat intolerance? is very easy to anger? anger will make you not care and do some unusual behavior, it is the worst point. has not tried a single individual for a week or even longer? can has no friends, no family, no communication, no contact or nothing? whether there had been a man camping? what people in a place not within, you think? What would you do there? snipers and is not necessarily a loner, but in fact if you are not missing the daily life of others to exist, the sniper is definitely not your best choice.
why these are important? a sniper just to open a gun and crawl all day, and sometimes may find nothing, if you can not send a shot to give up the task? Sometimes you see the opportunity to target shooting only three seconds, if you are daydreaming, Or doing nothing to eat other things, you will fail. You must understand your mission, location and wait for the target appears, this is the reason you need teammates, a man with a telescope to observe more than 20 minutes is very difficult, you have the whole days to remain intact in order to avoid the enemy discovered that this sounds very easy but in fact very difficult, a novice anglers to fish under the water line to stay more than three minutes is impossible, because they always want to put the hook up to look at, if you have the experience of hunting prey in front of you will know how hard it is to remain intact, not to mention the game you face now is to see you'll shoot you people? How do you explain ; carefully, , how to walk, how to, with what equipment, what camouflage, how to communicate in case of an emergency action should be, the task is completed to retreat, how to avoid the loss can not be completed? a sniper must be careful consideration from the beginning to the end of all procedures, their weapons and ammunition supplies and equipment configuration will produce results, surgery is the last element of fire, a sniper in any case need to shoot in the effective range of the farthest target, a distance equal to the withdrawal of life-time. If you want to do Emission skillful at least need to practice 15000-20000 bullets only be counted is qualified to practice.
one sniper
early history of the early 17th century invention of optical instruments, while the development of the sniper has begun, However, a full two centuries tactical sniper technology but because of the slow development of firearms technology and did not emerge. until the United States Volunteers during the American War of Independence, a special modified Sharp Major with a variety of small arms and techniques (for example, each hair spherical bullets are to saturated fat deerskin wrap, when the loading is not only more convenient, has also come to enhance the range and accuracy) to lead a team of independent, high mobility of the gunmen in order to look at is the incredible long-distance (about 300-350 meters) of more than accurate sniper shot and killed the British senior officers, and many small price to restore the situation in battle, and from English to the emergence of a new word mmSharp shooters (Sharp shooter s), which means Shooting the shooters precise and calm composure. In order to target long cheek to prevent the wild and distracted, Sharp shooters are often worn during the sniper task similar to today's special forces wearing masks, so there is a new name Markman, literally translated as masked men, in English also means accurate marksmanship or shooting people, and these two words in the word today is replaced by the Sniper, that is, Berdan Institute of General've hired a special team attacks against the essence of fire one by one with the elaborate, formal training in the U.S. This can be regarded as the origin sniper.
II sniper sniper task
divided according to the nature of the task, has designated hunting, team observations, fire support, patrol, hunting, non-rigid equipment damage and several targeted killings, the following tasks on the nature of the different are as follows:
1, designated hunting
be superior to kill the sniper's target is to specify the means to an end even if all tasks, sniper shooter no matter what methods can be objective, long-range sniper rifle is only a method, cross bow, hunting bow, Chuijian, bolt, throwing knives or even close fighting, fighting, knife, strangulation, or poisoning can be, dressed in camouflage uniforms with long-range sniper hunting rifle just some people the wrong impression of the sniper, but the nature of the tasks in the military away from the Remote Strike is still the target of choice of the majority of snipers, and most of the training is moving towards such a direction to impose the training, the introduction of firearms attacks here only.
specify the modalities of implementing a variety of hunting, the longer approach is adopted where the sniper to the target base or sneak through on the road is expected to ambush Strike manner, and since almost all modern rifle range over more than 1000m, the choice of location, shooting and arrange for evacuation routes is the key to the success of the task, so the first task of the exploration target area and place selected is a very important lesson. Although modern satellites can shine in every corner of the earth, but in the towering trees, dark forests and valleys are still the staff first-hand information of the investigation the most *, and most of the sniper also prefer to own rather than by detection * Advanced Technology satellite.
the task of hunting can be a designated person in the performance, but also for 2 people, to observe a person attacks a person or 2 people attacked the main striker or striker failed to fix when the deputy fired one shot, of course, marksmanship, deputy shooter must also be first class and ready to aim and shoot at any time to maintain the state.
2, team observation and fire support forces in the modern sniper
the preparation of the squad, platoon level, and other basic combat units. When conducting combat patrol team, met the enemy long-range firepower (perhaps heavy artillery, mortars, the enemy's heavy machine gun or sniper) attack but unable to call fire support, team snipers must immediately observe the mandate of enemy fire and immediately enter the favorable location of the sniper rifle firing the greatest threat to the killing of the enemy, and order Strike one by one the enemy personnel, and small units are used by Strike the enemy, all leg to stand on the occasion of the transfer. the effect of a rifle that can be played with the remote, like artillery fire support, and this is the so-called travel with the team observed and fire support.
But this is only part of the mission observed only travel with the team, team snipers snipers the most important task is to point and point of view the location of the task team are too vulnerable to attacks and to keep checking corner of each possible dodging sniper, is there an enemy sniper hidden? and the first time to resolve the enemy sniper, sniper is also another escape route selection and experts in addition to being ambushed by snipers when you travel with the team outside to provide fire support must also be possible to provide the best escape route team commander of the entire proposal to provide fire support and cover for snipers will act alone if necessary, to the area sniper task force team pursued the enemy fire suspended, the maximum space to the team, snipers and then according to the agreed meeting point in advance or on its own to complete the assigned task, and most of the sniper's eye due to the long training and attention training, deception discovery and removal of mine for many snipers in terms of is not difficult, although rarely carried out by a sniper bomb disposal work when needed but when the task should be easily capable sniper.
army sniper's tasks also include the records in the usual place of all may be lurking in position with the enemy positions, and observe the situation around for the positions, records, judgments and simulation to state, once the conditions change itself into the situation immediately and also provide information for analysis for field commanders to judge, so snipers while shouldering the intelligence officer's work But no matter under what circumstances their professional snipers always look upon the world, both professional point of view to judge the situation changes, commanders understand the information will always be the authority of pipeline, because only the sniper attacks to understand and know The idea and practice of hand, but also to know how to prevent and detect.
3, patrol hunting
field in many cases the situation is often complicated and confusing, not only do not know people, places, things, I do not know development and changes of the situation, in order to ensure that the situation is good for me, the key to kill the enemy who is a drastic measure, but the intelligence is limited, the mission objectives assigned to cause confusion, and therefore the designated area for free will become effective combat hunting mode to sniper team in the designated areas for hunting tend to be inexplicable wonders. If the mission failed but also the loss of two officers and their accoutrements only be described as the light weight of the trading profits, but because the situation changes often people Yibiao, the patrol hunting task execution time is often not long, up to a maximum limit of 2 weeks to prevent the execution of tasks and the development of the situation to have a gap.
4, non-compulsory equipment damage
mentioned earlier attacks hand is often not simply the task of staff Strike, equipment damage is also key projects, especially for mechanized units, the general non-armored vehicles can be enhanced by the 7.62mm caliber sniper rifles cause fatal damage to common 2.5 tons truck, the direct-fire tank, tires will cause the vehicle not running, but if the tank is a direct fire vehicle will explode if the vehicle is carrying fuel, ammunition, high inflammable substances may cause more damage. If the tank tanks, of course the entire team can not solve the rifle, but if part of the solution of the chariot drivers are worth the costs, tips are killed by drivers after the cell forward, based on experience, even in 45 seconds with the car out of the bus passengers also can not determine whether it has been attacked long dead, and the vehicle in front by more non-call 3-5 minutes after the car is not found in the dynamics of this period was not only the shooter's car a bit long number, and if the tank hatch closed way to advance sniper destroyed communications antenna can also be used outside the vehicle fuel tank explosion or attack the way to force people to leave the body and then one by one shooter.
no different to deal with combat helicopters , destroying the optical observer is equivalent to destroying their eyes and ears, and destroyed the main rotor and tail rotor is like a waste of their limbs, if the shooting parts of the gear near the vent pipe will cause the hydraulic tank and crash a plane crash, or fire rockets internal combustion caused by the ammunition magazine in the rocket from the fuselage before the explosion is not resolved one way to attack helicopters.
communication vehicle, the base damage high precision instruments are more simple, the power cars, coolers, communications antenna and precision circuits, the chip location of bullet can easily valuable for those causing fatal damage to the equipment, and other like oil of other electric vehicles by scheduling field and ammunition stacked rifles and other places can also be destroyed. to fuel dump sites, the first of the situation as slightly soft lead bullet Breakdown acoustic drums, but not to explode, so oil leaked all over the place before the situation got high bomb, incendiary or tracer bullets to be detonated will be earth-shattering was out of control. destructive attacks the execution of tasks what secret is to know the fight, and then decide what parts of what kind of ammunition fired, all elements of the three conditions, then the task will be difficult to have reached.
5, the designated place of ambush
the location of the sniper must consider many factors, the hard to find a good sniping point can not properly use it too?? single shot from within the effective value of the objective of resolving all . The goal of the attacks, there was a choice we all know that the first sniper sequence:
1) enemy snipers, the only threat would be is the enemy sniper sniper, enemy sniper never as the first priority for the bit
2) senior commander
3) anti-aircraft missiles, anti-tank missile operators
4) heavy artillery observation hand, gunner, gunner, Vice gunner, light and heavy machine gun shooter mortar gunner and other long-range attack weapons operator
5), senior noncommissioned officer or sergeant
6) grenade soldiers, bomb squad and field engineering
In addition to these priority objectives and the implementation of the remaining outside the order of the to decide by the sniper, and its determination of the standard is the greater threat to our side the higher the priority, not only the personnel, equipment is no exception, fuel trucks and ammunition trucks priority personnel carriers bound to the truth than ever will not change, unless there are strategic considerations, but that is not the responsibility of the sniper.
6, sniper mission in the urban areas was suddenly sent special forces
Imagine a strange place involved in peacekeeping forces rescue, or going to urban cities to maintain order, process hijacking, rescue hostages and the protection of innocent people, a sniper for what role? in this case whether the use of snipers is the most appropriate choice? The answer is clearly attack, but this will only be the commander of the armed forces that tried to harm or otherwise, under normal circumstances, commanders will not issue this command to the sniper and approval. snipers are in this case the more important The task is to collect and report, in addition to the conditions and requirements to follow the sniper will be assigned the following tasks:
1) clear the area snipers armed
2) clear the area for robbery, kidnapping, hostage-taking, and so insurgents
3) is responsible for a specific area of observation and monitoring, and record and report on military activities within the region
4) use their strengths at the body to help other troops hidden action
5) to protect other units within the region, including fire, engineering teams and so
7, sniper mission in the urban environment, the skills
A, Mobile Location
how local arrangements full of enemy attacks and who can not perform the task hand was found to be an issue worthy of consideration, it is not impossible, but requires high-intensity training. not only refers to the snipers themselves, and even support troops also need it. in the daily operations in order not to was found and the protection of enemy snipers own safety, sometimes need to distract, peace-keeping forces stationed in some of the more dangerous is usually the location of the enemy attention. snipers should try to choose a place away from the peace-keeping forces as a base for action , so that peacekeeping forces into the enemy's attention distributed tools, in order to avoid discovery by the enemy. In order to avoid enemy patrols and reconnaissance sniper eyes and ears of the transfer operation to be the location for some time, or location of the long-term action would only stay for a sniper is discovered by the enemy.
B, urban sniper and hiding places and shelter
selected location of the sniper attacks is the key to the success of the operation, whether the investigation can control the whole region is a major factor throughout the region. by common sense, select the sniper position is usually the higher the better, this is what we often say that the around the region and often ignore the immediate danger, for example: sniper position at the top floor of a 20-story building platform, snipers to observe the street below him will have to go out overlooking the probe, the position will be exposed soon, when the time for the nearby sniper environment need to cope with the sudden and accidental circumstances can not be expected, while those emergency situations and accidents Gengshi Bi close to the street below and fast, for example, the buildings opposite the enemy sniper hiding, it would be very dangerous. imitate movies TV shows shot in the roof the roof is a very stupid thing to do, remember not to use any time the sky as the background color, if so casually accept the End of an enemy sniper fire training base can easily hit 200 meters on you ; 10 ring mixed with the crowd in the street to escape, unless the special nature of the mission (usually the police mission, not the tactical requirements and regardless of the aftermath, only responsible ordered to shoot) or definitely not recommend a higher floor and then further away, the most stupid snipers know There is a dead end.
the following as the sniper and hiding places:
1) dilapidated buildings or structures. For such a trap where snipers have dikes, one of the best way is to watch out for the people frequently This building access, especially in children. (and vice versa to be used)
2) store
3) school, or community gathering places, such as churches Theatre
4) factory
5) near the city have been abandoned places
6) between two buildings
This is a very good sniper and hiding places of the location, even without the window does not have a good shooting platform. in these areas to remove some of the bricks or stones to create a window or shooting platform, but the observation of these bricks and stones after the shooting to be put back, otherwise it will affect the building caused the appearance of enemy attention.
8, in all, a good sniper and should have the following characteristics hiding place:
1) there is a safe and quiet routes, if possible, should try to avoid empty cans, old walls, cats and dogs often appear in class will be exposed to snipers and other existing Local
2) have a safe entrance and exit
3) has a wide viewing angle
4) Comfort (most snipers will not put the reference condition)
9, when the to set up a sniper and a sniper hiding place to consider the following points should be preceded by:
1) the nature of the task assigned
2) the time required to stay
3) the local situation and the situation
4) time and step into the position
5) emergency evacuation procedures
6) friendly force operations
7) leave the location of the time and steps
8) need special equipment
10, Whether dealing with hostage-taking incident commander or the sniper
I want to make it immediately shot dead terrorists, but even with the best of the best sniper rifle and ammunition and there is absolutely no guarantee that there is such a good effect. because the moment even if the terrorist was shot in the arm nerves and muscles can cause involuntary spasms twitch shooting the hostages, so commanders no other choice but deal with only the use of snipers hostage situation .
A, the accuracy requirements:
all doctors know that the body is only one place will be destroyed immediately make an instant death, and this is the movement of the brain reflex area (shot in the heart can still survive 8 - 12 seconds of the time), the human head is relatively large target, there are about 20-25 cm in diameter, but can really make the moment of sudden death is actually very small part of the brain that control movement reflex areas in the back of the eye, and its less than 6 cm in size, in other words snipers shot instant kill in order to aim at the target can he actually only 6 cm instead of 20-25 cm, together with humidity, density, wind direction, angle, pressure, bullet, and after the parabolic force the impact of special forces sniper to a common issue in the 200 meters outside the immediate moment of death can be very difficult to strike, to achieve this goal sniper needs to practice using a variety of different environments sniper rifles and bullets with the result, aiming to understand the orientation angle of proficiency.
B, attacks the choice of location:
mentioned before this is over on the urban battlefield, sniper and hiding the location of selected topics and not much different, the height of the location shooting choice is no longer limited to just need to make full use of the previous theory can find a suitable location of the sniper, but must note the following:
1) Although the sniper is to the case of non-use was used can not be absolutely even Most of the task is not made a shot, but the sniper must arrive at the scene as soon as possible, because the need to accurately measure the distance snipers, terrorists and hostages confirmed that position, choose the best firing position and exercise virtual shooting.
2) If the situation environment needs to penetrate the glass, snipers should be noted that the following two points:
(1) when the bullets penetrated the metal casing, while the glass is glass blowing off part of the debris shot by random conical range, the situation with the shotgun the same principle, whether terrorists or hostage hit might cause injury or even death, while the missile itself will continue on a straight line to the target, even at a 45 degree angle to hit the glass of this situation is the same.
(2) when When the bullet hit the glass, the glass fragments will fly to 90 degrees vertically to the room, this point should be noted.
Third, choose the best sniper position
a recognized Basil the former Soviet Union used to talk about Super Sniper too: Choose a good sniper position and to hide their
1, select a location
when the sniper task of determining the scope of the need for immediate selection after a favorable place for the task, but do not forget the sniper appears to be Observation of the ideal location will be the same enemy that's a good place, so the sniper must be avoided to select some prominent place and away catches the attention and easily identify a number of objects and terrain, in considering the location of choice when the attacks should be The balance between the following decision:
1, it is to provide the best shooting and observed the effect of
2, it is found to prevent the enemy to provide the best hidden effect
2, mobile sniper position < br> Most of the attacks on the condition of limited tasks often need to prostrate sniper fire, so snipers will use most of the time location of a mobile sniper. Use of natural cover and camouflage sniper can be observed in any terrain and the fire fell in the When the location of the use of mobile sniper sniper or sniper team needs to do their all around ability and resources to blend into the background and terrain, and often need to use a shaded area, the use of appropriate technology in the use of mobile sniper camouflage the location to shoot and observation when they can avoid detection by the enemy. When the flow of the inevitable need for sniper positions located in a open environment that will require extremely careful with the terrain, such as shrubs and concave down position to hide, you can use the camouflage net to reduce the chance of being found. sniper or sniper team selection for the mobile sniper position there is no limit, based on any case, snipers may need in the trees, roofs, tunnels, lighthouses, shadows, boats and other possible locations. < br> 3, the location of security attacks
Even with a good location is not representative of sniper attacks in a hundred percent safety, snipers still need to remain vigilant and keep in mind the following points can affect its own security: < br> 1) When the situation allows time to choose and set up an observation position and shooting attacks on both, because even a small move may also be aware of the enemy, even if have to guard against the enemy at night with night vision equipment, and any sound particularly evident at night
2) Sniper whether to pay attention to their place in a large contrast of color and the location of the terrain, because any change in these places is very striking
3) When you select attacks should first consider the position when those enemies do not often patrol haunt
4) sniper position should be located within the effective range of targets, not within the range the farthest, and the range of objects to avoid obstacles within the line of sight
5) should try to establish an effective coverage of the attacks on the entire range of bit?? view, when a sniper position on the way to move to the largest number should be via the place and to cover his body with camouflage
7) to avoid creating sound
8) Avoid unnecessary movement
9) as a sniper position to avoid the sky background
10) carefully lens telescope or sight would reflect sunlight
11) were observed in the building should be within the shadows
12) out of attack and when to put forth the position of the footprints and marks left by elimination of
4, the location of life
sniper attacks in the position reached after the sniper weapons and equipment should be placed at any time convenient to their own get the position, continue to observe and collect the enemy's situation as information purposes, snipers should be their own observations, eat, sleep and rest patterns of life should turn off the two snipers, the sniper for long-term task of keeping the body still inside Among the high efficiency. sniper team should always keep quiet, so the gesture is the best tool to communicate with each other, here are some common signs:
1) pointed to his mm me, my
2) pointed others mm you, your
3) thumb on the vertical mm good, to, is 4) mm thumbs down is not good, no, do not go
5) mm four fingers close together can not see over his eyes, eyes , the location is not good
6) mm index finger pointing to his eyes to see, visual
7) hand-made knives for cutting the throat action mm dead, killed 8) fingers fingertips upward closure mm collection, together, * rope 9) raised his fist mm stop
10) palm down flat on the forehead mm adult
11) hood-shaped buckle in the palm of your hand into the chest - Women
12) toward the palm of your hand held in front of the next level - children
13) into a claw-like hands down mm animal
14) around the thumb and the other four fingers into a circle-shaped mm target, whether there are circumstances in the battlefield sniper
depends entirely on the sniper task under different circumstances, whether for full use of mobility, concealment, observation and camouflage techniques, which are also public enemy snipers in the few cases the key to survival.
IV range
calculation methods and techniques that many people have a misconception that snipers as long as the target sight of the cross into the center of pulling the trigger will be able to easily hit the target, this is a wrong concept. We know the trajectory of the bullet is out after playing into the parabola, the hand will have a bullet in the 15 meters in the naked eye can distinguish between the differential, rifle about 70 meters, so according to the distance from the bullet is likely to cross the vertical line will fall at any point, sight is not the only reference guide control device, a sniper to accurately hit the target must be to accurately estimate the target's distance. Although the snipers will be equipped with ultrasonic or laser range finder, but still have to grasp the basic The estimation skills just in case.
1, unit of measurement one hundred meters
This is a very easy way, you first have to understand what is the distance of a hundred meters how much, if there is a distance as long as you do not know calculate the number that can put down at will know about a hundred meters distance. Be aware that if the terrain is up will cause you to have a little further the illusion, if the terrain is a little down will produce the illusion of the past hundred m units of measurement disadvantage is that you can only type in the relatively flat on the ground will get more accurate measurements, it is particularly important for measuring long distances, if the target appears in a hundred meters or one hundred meters from the snipers only see part of the terrain between the objectives, units of measurement a hundred meters in this case we can not do associate the.
2, target appearance measurement using this method
goals to measure the true size and characteristics and target distance. person such as a motorcycle, he does not need to know the real him and the vehicle in front can be a safe distance from a location more than it enough, if riders know how long a kilometer, head and to have a car 3 cm high 4 cm wide, 3 cm apart the two front headlights, when his car next to see the same size when he will know that he is one kilometer away from the car, this method can also be sniper by measuring the distance, the distance in the known pay attention to some person or object can not know the distance in a comparison by * the size and characteristics to determine distance. use the target appearance of the measurement must be very clear when the snipers in different objects The size and characteristics of distance, such as snipers in mind the next person stand outside in the size of a hundred meters away, and then the same distance down the man re-Bangui and the size of squat, in the case are from a hundred meters to five hundred m repeated observations, snipers will naturally establish a set of skills from observation, the sniper also need other objects or vehicles as an exercise.
3, a hundred meters and the target unit of measurement of the appearance of measurements mixed application environment
whether in a good unit of measurement is a hundred meters or target appearance of the measurement method is feasible, but in a good environment on the battlefield can be described as unique. so snipers need to mix this two methods use. topography limits the unit of measurement of a hundred meters and visibility will affect the appearance of objective measurements, such as snipers can not clearly see the terrain between the target, but he has enough visibility to estimate the distance. even if the target seems very vague, but can still be measured with the appearance of the size of the distance, so only need to mix the two methods, an experienced sniper is to get 90% accuracy.
4, this method from the formula
need with a millimeter scale or telescope sight, the use of target height on the scale and the target to calculate the distance formula is as follows:
the true size of the target (m) x1000 / target size on the scale ( mm) = target distance
5, the factors that affect the estimated distance
A, the essential goal of
1) has a rule irregular appearance of the objects have the appearance of the objects than the look of more recent
2) the target and its background contrast large
3) If you could only see part of the goal, it seems also that little bit further
B, ground-based nature of
if fluctuating land-attack on the view hand it is easy because of the visual error that target will be further away, so as far as possible in relatively flat terrain observation
C, the brightness of
goals will become more clearly seen closer Watch the goal of adequate sunlight in the evening than the Federation, fog or rain seems near, if the sun will feel far from the target after a
estimated distance shooting skills seriously affect your accuracy, bear in mind If you are not sure how far your target, you better not give up the task of shot.
five patients
sniper shooting sniper a lot of people think that as long as the gun shot was enough standard, 60 years ago, nothing wrong with this sentence, but the complexity of today's level of shooting practice might be something of a surprise, due to firearm ballistics rifle, gravity and wind, the fallout of the impact point of error, so the rear sight and the rifle photo door is adjustable to correct these errors. optical lens magnification and lens attacks also have a shot quality poor conversion rate sniper can make the problem worse even, thermal and optical deflection phenomenon can also cause issues, so snipers must be in a variety of weather, temperature, day and night under the environment of different height, distance training and detailed record of firing guns firing in the record card to help understand the performance and error where firearms should be amended until the acceptable range. s phase of shooting practice to an end. But the guns still fire and continue to record from time to time, amended. when the hands of the gun can shoot arbitrary static target shooting is the second progress moving target. moving target due to the movement rate walking, running or the vehicle travel varies, but according to the distance between the target and the sniper, the wind speed by taking the lead content are different. In fact the amount of targeting different parts of the front will be different, sniper training will be suggested that what ...

Tang and cultural exchanges with foreign cultural history

 Cultural history of cultural exchanges with Tang Code (b)
Wu Yugui
  Read 10065 times
authors, original publications, 2002 edition
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Chapter total sea traffic and the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty is a land of foreign exchange outside
the development of peak traffic, but also have made great progress in transportation by sea and land transport to replace the status of the foreign relations of the times. As the impact of the Tang Dynasty overseas, in the Song Dynasty, the southeast Asian countries in dealings with the Song court, Even under the jurisdiction of the Song Dynasty in China as Tang. Chinese clothing for the goods not also known as the Chinese This can be seen, and this effect is developed with the Tang Dynasty is inseparable from external traffic by sea.
Section sea transport development and prosperity
Tangchao Hai Road, the development of foreign relations, first in the sea to open and use transport routes. In the Tang Dynasty, the South China Sea to the West via sea route number and have increased in direct capacity has been strengthened, the formation of transportation development and prosperity of the South China Sea situation, and has shown the status of land transport to replace trend. compared to the previous generation, Tang dynasty in Africa more comprehensive and accurate understanding. At the same time, the Yellow Sea and East China Sea through the Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula and Japan, the traffic has also been great progress in Chinese cultural circle for East Asia The form provides a good traffic conditions.
1. filled with the desire to explore the sea, but not beyond the vast expanse of the waves of the barrier, fascinated the other side of the ocean, providing a permanent human exploration of the sea power. Early in the Qin era, in Hua Xianmin to have mastered the sophisticated technology of offshore sailing Guangzhou shipbuilding factory sites found in Qin Dynasty, shows the level of marine traffic at the time [10]. ship has been able to reach the southeast coast of India and Sri Lanka. Guangzhou Yue Mausoleum Mausoleum of the Nanyue (about buried in 122 BC) of the unearthed silver box, Golden bubble ornaments, ivory and spices such as West or South of the property [12], Guangzhou Heng Zhi mid-2061 Han Gang, China tomb found in Rome, the earliest age of the glass, etc. [13], have proved the existence of maritime trade Qin and Han dynasties.
Andi Yong Ning Han Dynasty (120 years), the King Yong Shan Myanmar Messenger of entry into the assignment, tribute to master magic show in the call. The magician when the Roman Empire was by sea to India, Burma, and then was removed to Luoyang. Hercynian Magic's arrival, communication, the ancient Chinese and European traffic. No. 4013 Guangzhou, early Eastern Han Dynasty tomb unearthed 12 small diamond-shaped hollow face Kim is from South Asia during this period introduced from abroad by sea [15]. Three Kingdoms Wu Sun Quan, the laid off in Xuanhua Zhu Ying and Kang Tai Zhonglang sailing, traveling the South China Sea Asian countries, and rumors, there are a hundred dozens country Arabian Sea, Red Sea ports as well as knowledge of the ancient route.
Eastern and Southern, with the spread of Buddhism and westbound Method development activities, the Chinese monks have to travel abroad for further understanding of maritime traffic, provides more information . the most representative is the monk Fa Xian of seafaring experience to India. Later Qin Yao Xinghong beginning the first year (Eastern Longan three years, 399 years), France was out from the long Anzai, the Desert Road to India to strike a legal possession, after Nine Lives, traveled throughout India, the last wave by Bringing the State (now the eastern state of Bihar in India) across the sea to the sub-national division (now Sri Lanka), and Yoshihiro years (411 years) by the southwest monsoon, the East take the ship back to homeland Business . Unlike in the past, the law was written possidetis remained a complete line of mind, a detailed record of the skills of navigation at that time, the use of technical means, the South China Sea routes each of his voyage and the time required for the distance along the water and weather, etc. In order to understand four or five centuries of sea transport to provide valuable information [17] In 1984, Suixi County in Guangdong Province found a group of Southern Wan side cache of gold and silver. silverware in a twelve-like batch cache in Sassanid also found 20 silver coins, which Shamble III (Shapur Ⅲ, AD 383-388) of 3, once Iraq Si II (Yazdegerd Ⅱ, AD 438-457) of 5, Peel Road, Sri Lanka (Peroz, in AD 459-484) A type 1, Peel Road, Adams B-11. caches were found not far away is the West River into the sea, these objects provide a 5th century Persian Imports, to business in South Evidence of the China Sea [18].
after the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang sent numerous envoys ambassador to a foreign land, the great cause of three years (607 years), Mita principal Chang Jun, Yu Wang Junzheng Department of principal should the court recruit others, sailing mission terracotta country (in this Malay Peninsula), the great cause of six years (610 years), the cross site to return. Changjun his party arrived terracotta borders, the country Cypriot envoy Wang Lifu more to ship 30 to meet the Sui, was returned , Youqian Prince tribute party with that evil thing Buddha, Sui envoys nurture the gift section of terracotta objects thousand king, and terracotta countries also contributed to the Sui Dynasty Gold Hibiscus crown, Dipterocarpaceae, the Hidden from the statute that table, the closure of the gold letter long-Sanyi [20], but in the rare, and, like the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty understanding of marine traffic in a large extent dependent on the Method of Buddhist monks westbound records. we know from these records in the Tang Dynasty, maritime traffic has been greatly developed into a new stage of development. on the early Tang Dynasty understanding of land and sea transport, mainly from the monk Yi Jing's Licheng, Jinan City, Shandong Province today) Villa [21], 7-year-old Buddhist cave temple buried, due to India's desire to learn. Gojong Xianheng first year (670 years), he returned to the native place Chang, farewell to Master, ready to westbound matters. The following year, the Yangzhou south to Guangzhou, get Gong states (Zhiping south, this southern Guangxi Ping ) Shijun Quan Feng Xiao family assistance, take the Persian ships, and began the long journey west pilgrimage. when he was 37 years old.
Yi Jing from the south of Guangzhou, direct room Lee Buddha passed away (south-east of Palembang Sumatra), via Last Luo Yu (Jambi Sumatra Island area), Jie Tu (Malaysia Kedah), complex by the naked men of the country (Andaman Islands) [22], turned to the north of navigation, arrived in the Ganges into the sea at Mount Delays stand at the end the country (West Bengal, India 米德纳普尔 Luke Chatham County near) landing. After years of studying, traveling all over India, the Empress Wu Chuigong in the first year (685 years) left Nalanda Temple Mount from the delay set the end of Dengzhou, go east along the same route. stay in the room half-way benefit the Buddha passed away writing, translation.
then a funny thing happened. According to his account of Yi Jing, Yongchang first year (689 years), meaning Net port to board a merchant ship Buddha passed away, like the Trustee sent word to Guangzhou, via the Vatican needed to strike a copying ink, paper, and copied by the help of employment, but because the wind took the opportunity Shipping and less notice from the Yi Jing landing ship, sail into the sea will rise. Yi Jing back by this, meaning the net carrying commercial ships in the same year, then returned to the Buddha passed away [23]. Tianshou years (691 years), the Trustee will Zhuancheng Yi Jing's return pass inside the law this time he had 61 years of age. righteousness by the law of the net back to the Sanskrit of four hundred, five hundred thousand United Chung, Diamond Block, the real capacity of a shop, relic three hundred. Empress Wu on the east gate to meet in person, http couple, Equipment Design Zhuangfan, and Chen drum, the first guide. who account for a large proportion of their chosen route from the Tang Dynasty to reflect the general outlook of outbound traffic. righteousness net profit in the room during the Buddha Room, the author of and Analysis of external transport was provided valuable information.
, the solution to the experience [25], which route is unknown in 4 batches 4 [26]; by road to India by 12 batches of 18 [27]; by sea to India were 21 batches of 34 [28]. by the Hai Luxi Line the number and ratio of 2.3:1 by land, and the numbers for the ratio of 1.9:1, we can see in the second half of 7th century, the full development of foreign relations in the land, while sea transport is also very prosperous, and has shown to replace land status trends.
2. Jia Dan and Guangzhou through the South China Sea Road
Tang revered far and wide overseas, Northern Sung, the South East from overseas contacts with the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty in China under the control of the regime known as the Tang, China Tang. chongning period (1102-1106), the civil and military officials refer to China as a foreign l Shang Yan Tang, Han, shaped in the instrument, and begging and instead of Song. that as with costume, Chinese law and the like. r Chao from the . I do not wish to steal that, if converted to l Wa r is not the word, history and a glorious within, everyone Chenqie, specific differences Hua Yi Seoul. ; or the development of the southeast marine traffic in overseas Asian countries, the visible.
Tang sea transport development, not only in the way of the large number of sea to the West, but also in the sea route and the direct increase in capacity enhancement. Dezon Hong Luqing toward the former prime minister Jia Dan, presided over foreign affairs, Origin. record
Yi Jia Dan's book and more, the road record is from the into Anton Road, Datong Yun Xia Zhou middle pass beyond the Great Wall, the surrender of the city into the Uighur Road, Anxiruxi Warwick Road, Tianzhu Road, Annan and other 5-pass road is outside the land route connection Tang, Dengzhou to Koryo Bohai Road Tong Hai Yi Road, Guangzhou Tang Zhaohai reflects the most important of traffic information. here in the order according to Jia Dan describes, briefly,
Jia Dan recorded route can be divided into four paragraphs: Guangzhou to the Malacca Strait for the period; the Malacca Strait to Sri Lanka for a period; from the west coast of the Northwest line of the Indian subcontinent, to the Persian Gulf as a head; from the north coast of East Africa dating back to the the Persian Gulf as a head.
line from the Guangzhou East China Sea, 200 miles to Tuen Mun Shan, drum fan of the West, two to Kyushu Stone (seven states Islands), and South II to as Stone (big Island), Southwest Bank accounts do not work three days to the Mountain (Vietnam Champa Island), South Hill on the 2nd to the tomb; Another day line, to the door poison the country (in Vietnam, Qui Nhon), another day of the line, to the ancient Da countries (in the Nha Trang, Vietnam); and half-line, to Ben Tuo wave countries (Vietnam, Phan Lang); and line two days to get the military conflict Mountain (Vietnam Kunlun Island); and 五日 line to the Straits (the Straits of Malacca).
Strait north Luoyue Guo (southern Malay Peninsula), south to the Buddha passed away country (Sumatra); from the water line of the Buddha passed away four Eastern States five days, to blame Ling States (Java Island), west gorge, three days to GE Ge Sengqi States (located in the Berau Islands, Wisconsin), and four 五日 line to win Dengzhou (days of near); and West 五日 line, exposed the country to the woman (barros); and 六日 line, to po States Buddhist Temple Island (Nicobar Islands) and North 四日 lines to sub-national Division (Sri Lanka).
West 四日 by the division line of sub-state, did not come to the country (India Kuilong), and ten by the Northwest Yu Xiaoguo to Brahman Xijing; Northwest on the 2nd line to pull the country (India, near the Napa River Buluo Qi); and the 10th line, the five small countries, to provide countries (India, Karachi, Pakistan, near the mouth of Ti Boer). since the question State westbound on the 20th, after more than a small country, to Tiluo Lu of China (the first Persian Gulf near Iran's Abadan), and West 一日 line, the assassination of the country to Ukraine (the first Persian Gulf, the Ao Bulan), dating back since then by boat Foley assassination river (Euphrates), the second to last Luo (near Basra in Iraq); Northwest land line thousands of miles, can be reached at Tai food capital of the country (Baghdad).
the eyes of the Tang dynasty, meandering line of the West Bank Northwest Indian Peninsula East Coast line to the Persian Gulf as the assassination of the country, as , since the three blue lines on the 20th just north of the country, after more than a small country, to set the country (South Yemen of Xi Heer), and the 10th line, the small country sixty-seven to Say Qu and dried countries (Oman, the Karat) , but also the West line of six-seven days, after six or seven small countries, to no Sunda country (north of Sohar, Oman, Hong Kong), and northwest on the 10th line, after more than a small country, to pull away from the blame suffering country (the Gulf Bank of Bahrain Island) , another day of the line, to the assassination of the country Ukraine, together with the sea the east coast routes.
head from Guangzhou to the Persian Gulf countries will take about 87 days assassination Ukraine, Uzbekistan from the East African coast to the assassination of the country about 48 days. Jia Dan South China Sea route was recorded on a detailed and precise level far beyond the previous generation. There is no doubt that only in the sea traffic is very developed, detailed navigational information obtained under the condition of things Jia Dan would make such a route fine review of the record, therefore, the South China Sea in the Tang Dynasty has made great progress indeed. In addition, should draw attention that the westbound route from Guangzhou, as far as the assassination of the country only recorded to the Ukraine, and the assassination of the country from the Ukraine to the East African coast voyage, the account is from west to east, Ukraine is something the assassination of the country the land of the intersection of two routes, this objective reflects the large food empire at the time an important role in marine traffic.
3. Miscellaneous ZU and understanding. Jia Dan Tong Hai Yi Road, Guangzhou, clearly describes the African east coast route to the Persian Gulf to the northwest. Du in mind southwest, crossing too [big] moraine, the line two miles to their country. The black people, its customs Guang. less wheat, rice, no vegetation, horses eating dried fish, human food falcon Mang. falcon Mang is also the Persian date. quotidian special Very Asian countries. orientation, color, customs, property and other aspects of the situation, Mount neighbor was an ancient country on the African continent is no doubt.
addition Jia Dan, Du ring the book, the Tang Dynasty undoubtedly the most detailed record of the African section into style Third Dynasty (821-840 years), the phase will be 20 years into his mother was the daughter of Emperor Xian Zong Wu Yuanheng towards the prime minister. Duan family Guicang to not only rich, but also in the province of Collator secretary during the extensive reading of the court official collection books, known for city), DA noted country (unknown, or that Sudan), DA dry state (Dakhel Oasis, Sahara desert sand island assassination) Do not leave the country Sri Lanka (Misr, Egypt) and other countries [37], of which the pulling force allocation The most complete record, said:
dial uplift the country, in the Xi Nanhai, do not eat grains, meat only. often needle cattle pulse, blood and milk raw. no clothes, only the waist of a sheepskin cover. The women correct white people, people with foreign merchants from selling swept its price several times. land only ivory and Ahmad Hong, Persian traders into this country want, set thousands of groups, confer on canvas, no young and old, were stabbed blood oath is a city of its property. has always been not a foreign, war row of ivory, wild horns for the lance, Yijia bows and arrows of the device. Infantry million, to discuss the passage of large food-frequency [38].
is generally believed that, sea Bi-Lo and the provision that Pa pulling force on the sound similar, but in the customs, and products of significant differences, etc., should not belong to the same place that records from the segment into the life-style customs and costumes, it should refer to this in Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa with the nomadic Masai tribe (Masai) [39]. no matter what that subject, we can see from the records of this paragraph, no later than 9 half of the century, Tang dynasty has a place on the East coast customs, property and Great eating and have a relatively detailed understanding of the relationship.
into the style section of the record of African countries is not only far beyond the previous generation, but also greatly on the number and content of the Tang Dynasty more than the existing membership of the official set record. Even taking into account the type section can reach into many factors, including the odd article Cheats, previous or early Tang Dynasty, and also not much literature on Africa's ready for his use, records, it is likely to come from him personally to make passenger or merchant Tang's visit. Although encyclopedic knowledge segment into the type known in the world, but he is a scholar with a strong sense of the times, not satisfied with the former Combing through the literature on behalf of the survey interview was That photo, taken true Taoist Kuo, Wang Hermit, Hermit Zhang Ying, Li Shan Ren, the scholar Gu non-bears, monk wide promotion 7 [40]. we can see outside of the singular articles Cheats, and the gathering of different smell is Miscellaneous ZU , so the country called for the Le Qu wax. also a Persian country (in abbreviated). Persia to Wuhai and Sullivan said, and the same depth. Zhenla Salmonella country to demand justice Commandery Tuo Tuo Sani pull words, ants on earth end for nest trees, ants, dew condensation from purple soil was mine. later said: Foreign recorded one of the most important source. call records of pulling force in the country especially where the transactions referred to Persian traders scene, then the pulling force of the recorded call is from a survey of Persian merchants are unknown.
In addition to these various foreign countries, found in the Tang Dynasty set membership of African countries as well Kom Tong Hall, is no Chennai and other countries. Gantang States Zhenguan years (636 years) to pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty, it was contained, Kom Tong Hall in the , most people think should be in the special Nigerians did not pass the Chinese since ancient times, in the Zhenguan years (628 years) in October, the first envoy Tang [43].
4. Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula and Japan in the Tang Dynasty maritime traffic routes
The South China Sea and western transport development, and the Korean Peninsula and Japan have also been the development of sea transport.
comparison, the East China Sea and Yellow Sea in China as the birthplace of early civilization, ancient civilization and the Chinese are more closely linked, times more distant, but also more reposed the hopes and dreams in Huaxian Min. According to ancient legend, in the depths of the Bohai Sea, east of Penglai, the abbot, Yingzhou three mountains, mountain palace, immortal, and elixirs of life non-proper way is unable to. sea paradise legend, not only enriched the treasure house of ancient literature, but also the thinking and behavior of the ancients had a significant impact, Xu City (fu) into the sea in search for immortality, is the most typical example. According to records, Qin Shi Huang Yu Lang Ya, Ji celestial event, find the elixir. Qi Xu City letter, tells the story of the three magic mountains, the First Emperor sent Xu City then, Xu City empty-handed and return, Samuel said it had to paradise, because the gift is too meager to carry hundreds of hands and the line .
of Xu city ever been to Japan, the academic community has long been Jusong endlessly. regardless of how the truth of the matter, the modern archeological findings indicate that early in the pre-Qin era, a variety of items already spread to Japan, to consider to the then relatively low level of marine science and technology, the limitations of life is not strong, early sailing ship when it is by the Bohai Bay, offshore west coast and then south along the Korean peninsula, gradually and to Japan. this route although the routing migrate away, but many islands along the way, replenishment is more convenient, and easy recognizable direction, can provide a more favorable life conditions. to the Tang dynasty, the route is still the main choice of people to Japan.
Tang access routes to the Korean Peninsula and Japan The main Tokaido Road and the Yellow Sea two routes.
Yellow Road is this near the coast of Shandong Peninsula and into the sea, to the Korean Peninsula and Japan on the route. Dengzhou from the northern tip of Shandong Peninsula (rule of Penglai, Shandong Penglai today) north sea, the big Xie Island (South Long Island), Turtle Island (Tuoji Island), Xin Island (Big Chin Island), Orchard Lake Island, across the Bohai Bay to the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula, then north along the Yellow Sea, China Eastern, turn into the West Korea Bay, south along the west coast of the Korean peninsula, over rivers and mountains Bay, mountains Bay, arrived in the southern tip of the peninsula, turn China Eastern Airlines, over Jeju Strait, the Iki Island, to reach a large Jinpu (today the Fukuoka and more). This is A more ancient routes, the Japanese sent the Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty mainly follow this road to come.
route roughly the equivalent of the Yellow Road, Jia Dan recorded This road also from the east to the sea Dengzhou, direct flights on the Korean Peninsula Bank, to paekyong area, and joined the route by the Bohai Bay. Tang dynasty, the Korean peninsula of Korea, respectively, Baekje, Silla by far, the three and Japan's relations with the Tang Dynasty were mainly through Dengzhou .7 half-century, Silla unified the Korean Peninsula, the Dengzhou foreign relations in the Tang Dynasty maintained a significant position. If the ship to Japan by the board sea state is mainly concentrated in the early Tang Dynasty, then in the Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula in the exchanges, Dengzhou is always occupy a very important position.
the East China Sea is the main route from the coast near the mouth of the Huai and Yangtze straight Japan Airlines flights. by way of the ship Tokaido Chuzhou more from the Tang Dynasty (rule Sanyo, this Huaian), Yangzhou (rule Jiangdu, Yangzhou City today), Suzhou (rule Wuxian, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province today), Minnesota (county government, this Ningbo, Zhejiang), etc. coastal port of departure, direct east to reach the vicinity of Amami Oshima, Japan, in favor of Northern spit La Ge islands, the island of Yakushima, Tanegashima Island, continue northbound Hirado Island, then East, arrived in large Jinpu. < br> the opening of the East China Sea route, and the Korean peninsula and Japan the situation change. at 8 World before the Sui and Tang dynasties Hwanghae and the Korean Peninsula is a major traffic routes at sea, when the country is located in Korea and the Korean Peninsula and Baekje Japan maintained friendly relations with Japan as the Tang Dynasty, media contacts, the road through the Yellow Sea between Japan and the Tang Dynasty became the most important sea communication channels. Baekje Silla destroyed, Korea, the deterioration of relations between Japan and Silla, the route through the Yellow Sea by the new Law obstruction [46], Tang Dynasty and the Japanese maritime traffic had to reach for a new course. On the other hand, when most of the southern Japanese islands belong to Japan, with a navigation through the southern islands Tang North Korea's conditions [47], since this route need to bypass the southern Japanese islands, in the 9th century, but also opened up the east by the Yangtze River estuary near direct lift fan, arrived in Japan Hirado Island, or five islands along the archipelago, another route to reach a large Jinpu, greatly reducing the distance between the Tang Dynasty and Japanese traffic.
in the above two routes, the Tang Dynasty, the country borders the Bohai Sea, the Sea of Japan and Japan is also carried out through close exchanges. This route from the eastern coast of Bohai (now Russia Krasnodar Aquino) to the sea, is divided into three routes. North line to the southeast from the hair across the Sea of Japan port Wei, reached the north coast of central Honshu, Japan Noto, Kaga area of land; Chikushi line from Mao Wei port along the south coast of the east coast of the Korean Peninsula, direct Chikushi; Southern States government line south from the Bohai Sea House (about when North Korea near the North Hamgyong Province) No. eastern coast of the spit pump out to sea, along the east coast south through the horse Strait, arrived Chikushi. three routes, the Northern Line is most important, it is set, the Bohai Sea angel of 34 set sail to Japan, there are 32 along the North line and the line is [48].
II and the South China Sea maritime trade and the Tang Dynasty exchanges between Asian countries the development of external transport
sea, greatly contributed to the Tang Dynasty and the South China Sea, Asian countries economic and cultural exchanges carried out. Egypt, a large number of Fox Tate and Japan, Tang pottery around the discovery of the proof Tang Zhaohai the rapid development of trade. In order to adapt to the prosperity of the maritime trade, the Tang Dynasty set up in Guangzhou, South China Sea Asian countries, and the West in the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu overseas exchanges played an important intermediary role. maritime development of foreign trade, the economic development of the Tang Dynasty, played an important role in promoting the rise in the east and southeast coastal areas of the a large number of overseas trade as the basis of the city, and the rise and development of these cities, but also in turn, contributed greatly to the prosperity of maritime trade.
1. maritime technology development and the Tang Dynasty ceramics export
sea well-developed transport and trade and prosperity, is the development of shipbuilding technology and navigation skills to improve inseparable. the traditional literature on the merchant records less records by warships, you can understand the shipbuilding technology was to provide a reliable reference.
the Tang Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty shipbuilding technology is developed on the basis of. Suikai Huang eight years (588 years), the emperor sent his army conquered the south of the Chen Dynasty, the life salicin Wing to build the ships in the Yangtze River, there were five teeth, Huanglong, flat ride, Zemeng so different specifications, different uses of the warships, five teeth ship eight hundred soldiers who added to the flag. , . Xuan Tan, board, yellow bamboo, and other boats; soldiers were there in high-risk level by, Dragon, Beirut Chong, wooden cargo boat, eight Zhao, boats and other warships Ge [50], Sui shipbuilding technology is clearly already has a very superb level.
further development of shipbuilding technology in Tang Dynasty, Tang warships are building ships, Meng Chong, warships, taking Ge, yachts, one of the name , the former big after the small, such as the falcon of the state, under the left side of the floating home plate, shaped like a falcon wings. The ship, although wind and waves up days and without tilting. correspondingly improved. Tang Li Gao also designed by the wheel-driven vehicles and vessels, true monk went to Japan the second time, before the sea from Yangzhou, 80 consistent with the money from the Department of Lingnan interviewed buy scales to Liuju 17 monks, all kinds of craftsmen, 85 [53], we can see in the Tang ships already have a certain ...

China's growth itch private detective in the city worked hard to ambiguous way

 The new network November 2 Zhejiang Xinhua private detective, who committed suicide intervention, gay service hh these special social intervention force, since the early 90s, has been working hard in a very ambiguous way to chaos in the complex modern city . If the government and the public security agencies in the public authority is everywhere in modern society, the attitude of individual crisis intervention and intervention. In developed countries, such civil institutions is the backbone of the structure of social organization, it can effectively supplement the state machinery is difficult to exhaust the subject, so that vulnerable groups receive support from the civil power. no doubt It should also be building a harmonious society should be our reference
. But in China, their living space but because the lack of law and governance structure of the imperfect mm and struggling. Letter reporter Zhu Yan / Wen
a successful undercover
10 26, Bond Business Survey Co., Ltd. Chongqing investigator Luo Yang (pseudonym), the phone rang. Tingtongli came a man in a shaking voice: property, the court finally implemented! months ago. This year early in September, a young man quietly with his daughter (not his real name) came to Bond Corporation. Two years ago, his daughter is not a year old to seriously injured in a car accident, lost a leg . Later, the court for compensation from the perpetrators Liu quietly medical expenses, these payments and the cost of future prostheses. But when the father took the verdict quietly went to Liu, he has disappeared. The court Executive tribunal helpless: to find people, unable to perform his property. quietly tried a variety of ways, and always find Ryu. desperation when introduced by a friend, quietly find Bond's father, and hopes can help them to find Ryu. But still, the father can provide the information is too limited. He was only a photocopy of the identity cards of Liu, Zhang ambiguous photos above, there is, he is doing just that Liu advertising installation work, home in Tongliang. other no longer has any clues. Luo Yang and colleagues began investigating. as soon as possible to find Liu, Luo Yang and colleagues started to contact all the social relations, and finally locked on the target in Chongqing Nanping, an advertising company, Liu and the company has business relationships. On the other hand, Luo Yang's colleagues are relying on friends to help search for Ryu. Finally, a friend got it by chance the phone Liu numbers. he always says he had no money, the court can not take him. principal reasons, do our work thoroughly, to really help them safeguard their rights, the hardy children justice. no time to evade the ground. It seems very cautious Liu. In Luo Yang, the third time around Ryu, Ryu finally agreed to come out with details. at the appointed place, Luo Yang, Liu finally met. He was driving an off-road cars come, and described his father's quiet compared to Liu's appearance has been a lot of changes, she is also some fat. the contact though no substantive results, but Yang has confirmed Luo, Liu have their own business, and now there must be a number of no small savings. in connection with Liu separated, colleagues to Luo Yang, the company provides another important clue: they found a restaurant Liu Nanping, there often and often in the afternoon a person in, come out until the evening. Luo Yang, Liu and this restaurant that has close ties. One afternoon, Luo Yang, drove to the restaurant door. just as he parked my car into the restaurant, when Liu's cross-country Cars are coming from the opposite open, stopped at the restaurant side. Liu Yang Luo soon found the car. He looked very alert license plate, this is the day and found him . He immediately took out his mobile and told his friends call point people to the restaurant, he felt may have been to surprise: According to the phone, he can be sure that the restaurant owner Liu, Liu has also certainly not a small amount of assets. then, Luo Yang, after finishing the relevant circumstances to the quiet father, by his find the courts to enforce court, asking the court for enforcement. Ultimately, the Court advocated the courts to enforce his father's request for quiet. the face of conclusive evidence, Liu nothing to say, can only pay compensation decisions. identity be kept confidential to the families
Bond, the thought that hundreds of times, but really came into contact with the actual investigation, but found the work of investigators very difficult. sneaky. The specific residence, he lived in the area at the entrance Dunshou a few days, about 10 hours a day Dunshou. In order not to arouse suspicion, I have prepared a two-for-clothes to wear, but also changing Dunshou place. said. until the evening, Luo Yang, until finally the man, identified the floor and the building where he lived. wandering in the building one day, come home, Luo Yang, already tired legs cramp. may be hard, However, Luo Yang, like the current work: It left me the most happy. This is a responsibility. I do not force people to help complete the wish, to recover the fair. ; tell the truth, not all relatives and friends know that my career. This is mainly in the need for confidentiality. but my parents and wife are known, they have been quietly supporting me. cases investigated delay time, 3:00 to go home mm which is already commonplace, and opened the door and saw neatly placed on the table two dishes, one soup, a bowl of rice, the insurance cover above the film. feel too sorry his family. They pay so much for me, I rarely care about the family. can be thought of a small quiet innocent eyes, they feel they have a responsibility to continue to do the work of the hands.
compared with the Luo Yang, general manager of Bond Corporation, known as one day to wear uniform, to become a glorious People's Police In 1988, Wu Wei finally in a .2001 May for 13 years, Wu Wei read of a message, a man named prefer to engage in such business. at this time Bond is also a need to introduce the company personnel. The investigation by the Department of a law firm developed the company was formally established in March 2001 because of growing market demand, staffing more and more nervous . Soon, Wu Wei participated in the Bond company job fairs, and become a member of the company. Wu Wei is the first company investigators as Assistant mm starting position in this industry. because there are 13 years of police experience, he was Bond the company has done very well. rely on experience and strong logical thinking ability, less than two years, he was an investigator from the company has risen to assistant vice president of .2002 at the end, when the general manager of Wu Wei, become the number one management. After several years of development, Bond has become the Southwest region's premier research company, growing business. cartoon black lens sunglasses, a long gray trench coat to the ankle, wooden pipe in his mouth at any time Diao, smoke cover the face at any time. But the image of Wu Wei seems more like a successful businessman: trim suits, shiny shoes, short The spirit-inch flat panels. if not in the drawing room door open that moment, he swept me and solemn eyes of photographers, you would not know that he is a people described as private detective modern flies more and more in the most cutting edge, some by society as social concern: China's first Detective advisory body, China's Shanghai people often called him with the disciples, and later many high-ranking public security system in Shanghai. But a year later, the establishment of the Ministry of Public Security issued a document against a private investigation agency, firm forced to close this investigation. Nevertheless, Wang Yu is still pushing Duanmu opened a door. Since then, a variety of When Wu Wei successfully registered cooperation and learning. after more than two months, December 4, 2002, level meeting over the warm imagination of all. The meeting attracted high-music company, including the U.S. and abroad, including more than seventy peer companies, and even the Royal Canadian Police College also came to attend. more than a hundred domestic and international the media gathered in Chongqing, BBC, NHK and other media because there is no relevant procedures can not enter the venue, or even been at the door waiting. The meeting is Shanghai big out of legal considerations. 100 billion, if we can contract one of the part of the business, can be said that the existing research company can not meet this huge market. We need more professional quality, open up this territory. meaning, is open to the outside world that the identity for themselves within the industry finally down a precise definition: investigation industry. As the special nature of the industry, many people are used to companies such as Bond called the practitioners in the industry as The exact name is a real estate developer for a company built factories and office buildings, but companies have been slow to pay 100 million yuan project is not the balance due. developers successfully sued and won. but in the implementation process, the company took out the books, that he is now the brink of bankruptcy, debt financing is not low, it is no money to pay. developers to find the courts to enforce court several times, but the implementation of the Court can not conduct investigations. Finally, developers found a well-known research company in our city. the company after two months of investigation, and finally to identify the companies under the name of another company, the company put most of the money hidden in the company name. developers to perform according to the Court of Appeal found the clues, and finally got the construction cost. There expert analysis, the increasing variety of specific needs, is as business credit investigation, to help enterprises counterfeiting, find missing persons, tracking the whereabouts of such debtor's property to escape, some of the specific needs of the public business of these companies have become the most direct driving force to carry out. ; have long been aware of the vast potential of the market. According to the Chinese detective network data, business contracts in China each year the actual compliance rate of less than 30% per year due to evasion of debts caused by the direct loss of about 1,800 billion yuan, since the contract due to fraud direct loss of about 5.5 billion. Many companies entered into a commercial contract, due can not be investigated, or even lack of basic understanding of each other. Chongqing Bond Wu Wei, general manager of business surveys in the interview with this reporter said: Many companies need all kinds of information, but in our country, the national law enforcement agencies can not and no statutory obligation to provide these services, while enterprises are subject to various limitations, do not have legal access to their own conditions and capabilities of these messages, you must turn to research firms . . to help women defend their rights under the banner to investigate extra-marital affairs .2005 January 4, suspended Jinniu center business sector service activities on the grounds that operate beyond the scope of the center connection. The Rights Center was closed after the event, many people the behavior of the business sector expressed their support. Sichuan University School of Law, Associate Professor of Procedural Law Wuchang Kang said in an interview, women rights center's business is to investigate the privacy between the sexes involved, if the wife of his own investigations and the spouse does not constitute an infringement of privacy, Women's Rights Centre involved in the investigation, however, there may infringe the privacy of their spouses, and privacy is protected by law. In addition, the rights center track used in the survey instruments, it may infringe on personal freedom of citizens. the company's main business is still investigating extra-marital affairs, that is, we say l search mistress r. ; this business to survive. , the Wu Wei on the industry's prospects are very promising: not involved in this field strength. knowledge. The industry demand is very high, so up to now, many companies do not have the strength to survive difficult investigation. category Members in the course of the investigation, investigators secretly by the family auction intelligence information privacy act, serious violations of the privacy of others. January 2002, public notice of his brother, immediately to the Manager Ma called and said that he is the city's private investigator, as long as the family members to provide the necessary funding, we will be able to find Manager Ma's younger brother. So, Manager Ma Wang Guoqing two million paid . Wang Guoqing, immediately after the escape and hide their money. Later Wang Guoqing, Xicheng District, Beijing Procuratorate is fraud prosecution. Shanghai boss horse of a consulting firm, then outlines the status of the investigation industry: the quality of employees is not high, do not have the legal and other relevant expertise. hh only to solve this problem, the survey industry to a way out. come from the legitimate commission; all of our investigative activities, must be within the scope permitted by law. played a world in Chongqing, also received financial support from some well-known companies. but more research firms have to live distress, in struggling for food and clothing. Most survey companies that caused this situation not because the research company themselves pay no attention to improve their own quality, but because of the national policy is not supported. Chongqing, Liu, a research company, told reporters: this industry is very strange, how can you to recruit people? large. ; Although citizens have the right to know, and can conduct investigations on some matters, but how to investigate it? some information difficult to obtain, must use some special reconnaissance means, such as videotaping, wiretapping, tracking, etc., these are not legal, and evidence obtained by illegal means is not legally binding. but a lot of research company conducting the investigation, more or less will use these illegal methods. This gives the industry caused a lot of passive. Government-led, in the policy for the investigation of the industry set a precise identity. but from the present situation, the Government does not seem to make such decisions in the short term. day.

Why Buddhist

 Well, today what I want to say why the subject is Buddhist mm? Because the subject of faith and do not believe in Buddhism, Buddhist, who want to know the important issues. So why Buddhists do?
The purpose of the Buddhist faith, just like in any other industries, no matter what we were, say, like what hh, is the purpose of all is: How can ease the pain; How can increase happiness? on this problem.
So come on, Buddhism and Buddhist, the purpose is to relieve suffering, but also to increase happiness.
yourself from a simple sense, can reduce the pain a little, up a little happy. If to a deeper perspective, try to get rid of all the pain and suffering due! with all the happiness and well-being due to too! to this purpose, we have to believe in Buddhism, Buddhist learning.
some people will have questions, said: Buddhism, really can reduce the pain? really makes up happy? ?
because Buddhism has a very philosophical, very scientific and very practical, correct way to alleviate suffering and growth happy. In this way, comparing any of the other ways to alleviate suffering and increase happiness method, should be more thorough, more accurate, more exactly!
So, Buddhist and Buddhist, people really can relieve pain, increase pleasure. So we have to believe in Buddhism.
Then someone will ask us: Vajra Bodhi tree, fruit bits achieve enlightenment after forty-nine days after, came to the blue tile Tennessee (Varanasi), turning Falun Buddha for the first time, only five monks during the initial argument, that is, such as the Buddha, such as Qiao Chen first five disciples.
Buddha talked about was a very simple and very profound one method. That is the Four Noble Truths law. What is the Four Noble Truths law? we are more familiar with the When known suffering, should be off set, card was destroyed, becoming humanely the first time about the A Zhuan Falun, the second Zhuan Falun, or third Zhuan Falun; whether the Shengwen Theravada teachings, or the exoteric teachings of Mahayana or Tantric teachings: first time talked about can not be separated ; bitter, set, extinction, sets, card was destroyed, becoming humanely. . So, by law, to attend the world, so you can be temporary or is before the days of happy people. And the law practice through the world, allowing you to completely out of the pain cycle, to reach a permanent peace and happiness for the Bodhi Fruit bit. So Nagarjuna in students, this life decision to improve,
by the Health and bliss, will be good for the relief. on the students ; the law in this world, what can make people suffering from, what happy? answer is to eliminate all life among the diseases, disasters, obstacles, and so a variety of disasters, people can enjoy the wealth and status in life, and Fu, Lu, longevity, wealth, wisdom and compassion, etc., to enjoy such a life. Not only that, it also allows you to not fall into the next life hell, hungry ghosts, animals suffering among the three evil paths, so you continue Enjoy one day of happiness. so that bad bitter, hard and all the pain. get rid of people in reincarnation among the most fundamental factor mm Nirvana Bodhi fruit bits. So, this call out the law in this world.
Buddha talked about all the law is both, regardless of law in this world, or the law in this world, we must first ; you should know that suffering There are countless hardships, but then, roughly, the pain can be divided into three, six, eight and so on. Today I suffer is divided into three terms, are called hard line, bad bitter, bitter.
Some of suffering, people usually know, but some bitter, bitter people still do not know, but has been considered to be happy.
one should know the pain: the line hard line hard
example, this line of bitter What is it? the past made, body, mouth, caused by the karma of good and evil, in the future will suffer, and a non-free situation. it is called the line hard. For example, human and other world creatures of all things is not free. life of happiness or life of the gains and losses are made, of good and evil from the past life karma push. He's now all the pleasure and pain of the past by promoting good karma. So said that if do not want to suffer, only now good turn deserves another, get some for happiness from the tomorrow, but that day, but it is not currently suffering a little freedom.
say you killed a man on the rest of my life, made many injuries people, hurt other people's things, the results after the rest of your life to you no peace. Why not peace? Because life what you made, the evil karma of the reported resentment, let you no peace, so that is called karma the push. For example, you used to create such a murder, arson has not solve the case, but someday solve the case once, you nothing can be done, and you can not help, certainly to be executed, or sentenced, etc., or revenge killed by others and so on. In short there are many are not free.
Similarly, we are born is the first non-freedom. we can not choose to be born in a noble house, or the civilian population at home; rich at home, or the poor at home. It is not up to us. This is the first really want to break through the ridge, you pay five times more than others, the efforts of ten times, it may not be able to meet some people came from the effect of slightly better! This is what people call fate. I said, this is not the fate of arrangements, but his past arrangements, the reported life. So called illness or other reasons can not complete the degree; other to find work, and the emergence of various accidents, to what happened to friends; or just when you do a very good cause, one day due to natural disasters or for some reason, in fact, your own No mistake, cause to be destroyed for no reason and so on. in a lifetime there are many many willing to die? but not up to die! where to go after death is also beyond the control of their own, are made of good and evil karma push. So, this is called the line hard.
should recognize the suffering of the two: bad hard
The second, called a bad pain. also called magic words bitter, bitter but is constantly changing. and people often suffer bad as happy to enjoy. For instance, we suffered all the tainted happiness on earth, in fact, Buddha seem in pain. Why? say you stand for more than two hours, the hearts will be the happiest thing is that it? it is to sit down. However, if to sit down and really happy, it should The more the merrier ah ride. Because the longer you sit, do not accumulate, the more fun it? But on the contrary, sat a long time, he is also slowly knee pain, uncomfortable, and that stood up before is the most fun! So sit down and not be happy. Similarly, the example of the hungry, the food that is the most happy. but really happy to eat it, should eat the more the merrier ah. Why because the accumulation of many ah joy. But eat, he has stomach pain, he was uncomfortable, not happy ah. as a tropical or very hot, people often think that the more cool as possible. the result is really cool to OK? No, once the cool long time, it will not stand, slightly warmer feel very happy. So how exactly such a pleasure going on? the pain accumulated very large, so it is very obvious, obvious for worse, there are very strong feelings. Once the pain from a painful time into another, because the alternative has not yet accumulated the pain for a time out so much, so not really lead to a real sense this bitter subject, it is not obvious, so there is a sense of relief, this relaxed feeling people often treat it as fun. in fact a long time to accumulate more, it has become painful.
so said, we think, because it is very hot, think cool good; because it is very cold, so that the heat better. In fact, heat and cold are not happy, the key issue, and you the pain slightly less accumulation of the time, although he has bitter, but his pain is not obvious, so do not feel bitter, he had a sense of relief, so he had a kind of pleasure only. the world to make many think of it as something fun, in fact, is one such.
you.'ve had our home has a woman, this woman with another man with very deep feelings, she would marry him, but her parents do not agree. because they do not agree with, is particularly special to her heart uncomfortable. She can not figure out, eat sleeping pills. ate a whole box of sleeping pills. Alas, this very, very anxious parents. took her to go inside the hospital, gastric lavage immediately ah ah, what first aid to save out. She woke up, the parents of the first words she said, of course, stands to reason it should be. But after three years and they are not, and divorced.
any one thing, when you get the time that what is good, once after, is not good. turn you again some other interest in things that are not. Why is this?
I have just said, the pain into another painful, yet easy to accumulate a sense of feeling pain pleasure outside of it. The top three issues at play: one is the freshness; one is a rare feeling; another is a mystery.
What is fresh it? any thing of it is new to the fresh, However, it is a long time exposure is not new. because it is not fresh it is not fresh, so do not feel good.
What is a rare flu? because they are not so rare that he will have a sense of can be difficult once it had been. not hard to got a sense not rare. Therefore, he does not think the good.
What is the mysterious flu? can see, but look very fuzzy, see unclear. he considered to be mysterious. see if it is not mysterious. he does not want to see, and he does not feel good.
So as a poor, rich and powerful people very happy. can be rich and powerful people that he can reduce something to reduce the number of transactions, can make a little bit of time to allow it to relax, but he felt good! some ordinary days he thought he good! So this world is not necessarily good, that certainly is not good, said. your heart that is good, it is like; your heart that it is not good when the bad.
like a Sichuan dish. then you say Is this good or not good Sichuan? like to eat spicy believe it is simply a god of food, delicious food ah. However, it does not like spicy felt that, wow! and Ma and spicy to eat very uncomfortable. But Then again, wait a few days later, the people do not like spicy met a man said to him: love to eat spicy can fend off the cold, so so good, he felt so good hh: Yeah he said ! to gradually change their point of view, over a month later, he became a hot lover. But the fans, but also met a man said to him: not to eat spicy, get angry, how is it how, it has a bad stomach and so on. one that he thinks it makes sense, since a few month later become disgusted by the. a month ago, disgusted and enthusiasts, after a month on the contrary, what you say Sichuan good is not good? But food is not as good and not good, says that when your heart that good, it is delicious; heart that is not good, it is not good.
so said, where human suffering is born bad it? to not help myself not to correct their own dynamic concept, that is, the pain because of his transfer to another over a painful sense of relief and added a rare sense of mystery sense of freshness, this idea leads to the illusion of good and bad, pain and joy (of the heart, respectively). So in the Buddha view, this music is hard and bitter, not really happy, therefore called the magic called bad pain or suffering.
should be aware of pain three: hard
then, was born hard ah. hard we all know what Health and bitter it? born is bitter . You see a baby just born mother's stomach is very strong cry, why? because he used to very soft in the mother's stomach alone, and touched the hand of the, ah, ah, what the cloth when (as) has hundreds of thousands of weapons to the body as the painful sting. Any what not to adapt to him, and so on. including the stay in the stomach and there was many things.
then down a long life big, will the old ah. So of course, bitter old. If a three-year-old man, about eighty years of age had become, then he certainly can not stand this pain. but most people slowly Over the eighty years of age, so it is getting used to it, it no longer felt bitter.
disease is unavoidable no one is very painful. it takes away your reputation, your job can take it away, you can take it away future, can seize your life, even take away all your happiness! very scary, but also very painful.
more painful death.! since the advent of the death, it means that since then, their family members bid farewell to relatives and friends thoroughly, since then no longer possible to turn back. And you took that a dark unknown road. one will be the death of a person, the future for him, a blank, (the next thing) that he did not know it. person who knows the future is a little bitter that the words or music, but the rest is easy. But the worst is the said that he would be very painful.
then live in this world there are many things. For example, people love things, the more he loves the more persistent, more persistent induction to put it ; I This almost ignored the existence of self-awareness of each other. So ask for everything, such as her husband, such as a child, or wife, your partner make all must conform to my liking, a little bit of Italy does not meet the time I would feel very disappointed was very painful, felt unable to stand.
Because of this reason, because someone has an independent mind, if you put all the other acts, including speech and behavior, etc., all meant to use your overhead, and that his consciousness not to become passive? That he did not become a robot it? Who can ah? can only leave you. in the Buddhist says, this is called His greed, love and desire him, and will not understand him., resulting in drugs. Some people chose to commit suicide, some people become alcoholics alcoholism, etc., so what should suffer.
never once someone for things they love, have a very strong greedy and they will want to do everything possible to get. But people want more than one person you ah! there are many people, you are merely one of them only, not by the things you get this, there is only one thing, many people in the pursuit, how can we ensure must you get it? was pain, not more painful!, for example, the more persistent you are more likely to lose, the more are not. because you are a very strong greedy, and selfish behavior to strike when it , not only will not get, but it away from you. This is a principle of the thing itself. because your heart is too strong this utility, there is no way to be.
also called . The by Yun, looking at things like the heart, respectively, Yun, Yun lines of good and evil actions, and the ideological Shiyun, etc. Once the five aggregates, five aggregates because it is incomplete, all gave rise to many, many pain, disaster, disorder, Wei Yuan, etc., count them. So, this is hard.
we want to leave the suffering we must first know what a said, want to leave the bitter, should first know the pain. like you tried to eliminate the enemy, then killed his father, first of all should know who killed his father. otherwise you kill the innocent for indiscriminate, ah.
Buddha: the Set Noble Truth should be aware that, when broken.
Second, the Buddha said: set is focused on the meaning, in this case the concentrated source of all the suffering, the source.
the source of all the suffering what is it? Buddha said there are two:
should try to get rid of the root causes of suffering: karma
One is the karma, one is heart trouble. karma is the cause, and heart trouble, is the edge.
What is it karma? to today as the boundary, in the past made, the body good, bad, do not it really all that bad behavior; language said good, the bad, not bad all the words; was thinking good, the bad, not bad idea all the action, all constitute the karma. because it for your future happiness and pain play a decisive role. this is karma.
industry is all done in the past good and evil, Wuji other three industries, with its forces to determine the future happiness and pain. For example, , think, with today as the boundary, if you learn from the past is very good, very good results in the future you will be able to find a good job! to today as the boundary, your past performance is very good, then you will not only not laid off tomorrow, but also the promotion! past performance is very bad, there may be laid off tomorrow! not learn from the past, the future certainly can not enjoy great wealth! Or, if you used to do a lot of things that harm others, the future will certainly have to kill you attractiveness. or what, by many Yuandi revenge, so you will be very painful. This is called karma.
this industry, not only this life, past lives, past life past life, or even been pushed to the countless past lives, in the ideological which left the habit of good, evil habits, and habits such as Wuji.
lead to happiness in this life or the afterlife of happiness. just like some people are born to very good, or children, people they all liked him very much, and he is always in a good mood, he does not mind a little bit of the bad side of the heart; some children born to very evil heart, who see him, or a little old baby, feel uncomfortable. Or do his talking, it started to say bad mouth; be little time for action, he wanted to remediation people, since he is such a sick mind. Even the same parents, born two children, also have this. This is absolutely not the environment, caused by parents or descent, but his potential ideological habits which have preserved the number of good and evil decisions. more good habits or bad habits more than the habit of more or Wuji, decided this started from the birth of all development. mm congenital ah we say this, in fact, is not innate, it should be left inside the ideology of past life to the habits, leading you from birth is smart or dull, is good or evil.
optimistic or pessimistic, and so people, ah, he was born, there was such a habit started. That is karma ah. So called karma.
why it is a result of it? such as a flower, seed is the result. and, like the seeds of a flower, people of good and evil karma is happiness or suffering of the most fundamental of seeds. That is good, evil, Wuji three kinds of karma caused. should be said that this is the students from the first source of pain.
but then, then again, the light has no use ah seed, must have water, oxygen, nutrition and so on. have, the seeds to survive, to be able to fruit ah. If one is dispensable, then it can not grow fruit ah. That being so, the water ah, fertilizer, ah, ah oxygen, temperature, etc., it is the margin.
should try to get rid bitter root of two: heart trouble,
Similarly, from the worries we have is the edge. in your industry in the past had made good and evil, sure there are countless good karma, bad karma is certainly numerous. but then, life What does the outbreak of evil, or good reporting it? depends on which one edge of the encounter. So, if you encounter good fortune certainly broke and good fruit, if the encounter broke out certain consequences of bad pratyaya.
What is bad pratyaya? heart trouble, is bad pratyaya.
What is heart trouble? Buddhist said, all the discomfort and suffering come from the Six Primary Afflictions.
What is greed heart? greed is the heart of a selfish lust after things of the heart. Some people may ask, if not eager for the heart of things, how will the development of social ? how will we progress? So wrong! I do not take things very seriously, although not mind it, but will do our best to fight the power of the best, you can not do for some reason do not care, big deal to re-do, this is the pursuit. < br> What is eager for them? greedy heart is something the fans were, once lost, can not imagine the kind of care about the suffering of the heart. Once you have care center, is eager for the heart. so it will only bring pain and discomfort, will not bring any happiness. Just now I talked about the into a greedy, can not stand each other, so the only parting. so once farewell, the pain will be felt very uncomfortable mm endure pain and suffering. more due to mental torture lead to illness, a step by step development, a serious go, and finally died. or suicide, or alcohol, or drugs, etc., etc., many terrible consequences will follow and to.
hate heart come from? hate heart is caused because of dissatisfaction. What is not satisfied with it? if you want to get something, you do not happy. When you are not happy, when you Find: not them, but why do you get?
people are very selfish, very arrogant. they think, as long as the owner did not get that a strong aversion. pain ah! then by all means to take revenge. However, avenged, from report on the matter? No! you bring him all the pain, after a period of time will be ten times the money-back guarantee to you! As a result, resentment when the O phase reported?
actually very small things can be turned into a very large disaster, even a deadly curse it! This is because the psychological hatred too strong to stop over his heart, not restraint caused his heart.
so Shantideva once said: your gas consumption, and back when, the consequences would be unthinkable! will feel much, much pain and discomfort.
What is stupid ah? ignorance is the darkness that is ignorance, do not understand, confused. because he is a muddle-headed, do not understand is and non. do not have the wisdom to tell the difference between that and non-, can not distinguish between good and evil, do not tell or not to do that.
So he happens to do not to do, he happens to do do not do it. So Shantideva once said: ! > There are also arrogant. as arrogant, you lose all knowledge, all merit a Qiefu reported that all the wisdom! there was a monk said: ; if unable to retain water on top, as soon as arrogant heart, the others raised again reasonable request, provide a better suggestion, you will be self-righteous. Therefore, the number of the royal family through the ages, the number of the emperor, in the Pride in the hands of collapse. So, slow the heart is very scary. even if only a little bit small achievement when the arrogant heart began to come to be. Once you have this arrogant heart will continue to be a good direction to terminate development. So, have the arrogance, as to the summit. to the top of the hill is definitely not a good thing, the next step is to go downhill! Once you have arrogant heart, the next step is you go downhill!
someone asked me Pride Heart? have no self-righteous heart? If you are very enthusiastic! very arrogant! hh thinks he is really amazing you have to be careful! you are troubled. If you feel a lot less, have amendments. I Also many people do not like, very modest, is able to clearly understand their own weaknesses and vulnerabilities of people. > There is also suspicion, doubt the heart is also very scary. because of suspicion can destroy good feelings between friends. suspicion to destroy all their merit. Once you have suspicion and jealousy, so that my life suffering! between people, even family, sleeping on a bed, eating the same meal, but they have suffered and the music is clearly very different! one of them may be pessimistic who remain skeptical of everything attitude, and believe that this is not detrimental to me Yeah, what is not that what all right, always to think about the bad direction. So bring him a lot of pain and fear, he will life will suffer. another person does, he is an optimist, he feels do not care. He knew very well that some friends of his, but he thought: is a pleasure to enjoy. we call pain and happiness, not the material more with less, but this kind of material, or the external environment, can bring their own mental pleasure, or a feel good feeling; or with to uncomfortable, painful feeling. This is the only criterion for pain and music!
These are heart trouble! If the heart do not want to suffer, you have to try to get rid heart greed, hatred, heart, heart stupid, arrogant heart, heart and suspicion jealousy.
This is meant to be set off.
Buddha: the end of suffering and the Noble Truths, you should know that, when the card
now tell you is that how to increase happiness.
First we must understand what is now before the temporary happiness, what is the ultimate happiness. are happy that the people before the days of wealth and status, reputation, status, power and all the world to enjoy and so on. people think that these are happy, because they are so that and natural nothing wrong.
but fundamentally not so, the method used to their heart feel good to make you happy, but happiness is nothing more before, this is before the happy, the Buddha appears, is not True happiness is a bad hard fall.
happiness, what is it? just what happiness is true happiness! what is really happy ah? Perishable all the suffering is real happy!
Buddhist which said certificate was , law enforcement, that is the happy.
Bodhidharma once said this sentence: and objectives. . so we have to kill off all the ego and the law enforcement, away from all attachments.
how can we achieve it? Once you understand everything from the nature are all empty, the origin of this phenomenon is the origin of the empty token, Sudi is the true meaning and truth, to glimpse the face of all the original method, we can achieve persistent self-nature.
but it is breaking the thing itself? No, no way to break the thing itself, can not be broken. the thing itself is the objective reality of how, how about it. The problem is that we see all the things are nothing but appearances, and appearances as the real thing into a kind of a false impression, therefore, should not be persistent dedication, and should not be a phase but also the phase out. Thus, we Health from the greed ...